The symptoms of the elderly with emphysema at the end of life are as follows: 1. dyspnea, which is characterized by an increased respiratory rate, usually >20 breaths/min, irregular respiratory rhythm, intermittent breathing or even apnea in severe cases. 2. changes in amplitude, which may be deeper at the beginning and gradually become shallower, from deep and large breathing to shallow and slow breathing, eventually leading to respiratory arrest. 3. 3. There are also signs of carbon dioxide retention, such as easy sweating, flushed skin, and superficial venous irritation, which can be seen in the jugular vein irritation, subfascicular vein irritation, and superficial temporal vein irritation. In addition to this, there are also changes in mental status, with patients experiencing drowsiness, lethargy or even coma, which is caused by hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention.