In general, the main causes of congenital nystagmus include visual impairment due to congenital ophthalmoplegia, albinism, cataract, total color blindness, macular damage, etc. Because of the ability to fixate on a target, the eyes tend to have a horizontal type of nystagmus, which is called oculogenic nystagmus. In contrast, acquired nystagmus is mainly caused by central nervous system or vestibular lesions, such as cerebellar disease and vestibular nucleus lesions causing nystagmus is called central nystagmus. Diseases of the middle or inner ear, which cause irritative or inhibitory disorders of the vagus, can result in horizontal or rotational nystagmus, called vagal nystagmus. The visual impairment of congenital nystagmus is so severe that ophthalmologists have called it “eye cancer”. The number of such patients is conservatively estimated to be about 22 million worldwide, which poses a great obstacle to the life, study and employment of such patients and increases the burden on society and families. Due to the previous knowledge of these diseases and the lack of effective theories, basic research, there is no better treatment strategy. Various countries have tried various methods to solve such problems, but still no ideal results have been obtained, and the famous hospitals in China are at their wits’ end, and there is no ideal method in China yet. Is nystagmus surgery a once and for all solution? Is there no need for other treatments after surgery? Our answer is no: nystagmus is an extremely persistent visual impairment that requires long-term treatment. The purpose of surgery is based on forming a stable central concave gaze by reducing the amplitude and frequency of nystagmus, increasing the gaze duration, forming a smooth visual conduction pathway, or improving the head position, playing a positive role in the child’s facial and spinal development and improving the quality of life. Some children are younger, and after surgery, their visual function is still in the developmental stage, requiring us to perform rehabilitation training of visual function and improve their vision.