With the change in lifestyle, more and more heart diseases are presented to us and more and more people are dying because of heart. When people suffer from heart disease, the first thing they think of is to turn to a cardiologist, but many heart diseases cannot be solved fundamentally by medications alone, and then they need to be treated by cardiac surgery. When is cardiac surgery needed? (1) Congenital heart disease. The incidence of congenital heart disease is about 7 to 8 per 1,000. There are about 4 million congenital heart disease patients in China, and 2/3 of these children are not diagnosed and treated. Among congenital heart diseases, four types of diseases, including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot, are more common. The vast majority of congenital heart diseases can be cured after cardiac surgery. (2) rheumatic heart valve disease. Also known as rheumatic heart disease, referred to as rheumatic heart disease. It is a heart disease in which rheumatic lesions involve the heart valves. In the surgical adult cardiovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease accounts for about 40%, more women than men. Rheumatic heart disease often involves the mitral valve, and sometimes also involves the aortic valve, the patient’s heart function gradually declines, appearing panic, breath-holding and even lower limb edema performance, drugs can only relieve the symptoms for a while, to solve the fundamental problem must perform valve replacement surgery treatment. (3) Coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is short for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerosis leads to coronary artery vascular obstruction, myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, the performance of angina pectoris, serious cases lead to myocardial infarction. The incidence of coronary heart disease in China is increasing year by year, becoming one of the most common diseases that endanger people’s health. The treatment of coronary heart disease usually includes drugs, stent intervention, bypass surgery, and different methods are chosen according to different conditions to achieve the best long-term effect and the best quality of survival. (4) Large-vessel disease. Large vessel disease refers to the thoracic aortic vascular lesions emanating from the heart, which have a low incidence but mostly have a more aggressive condition. The common macrovascular diseases include aortic coarctation, ascending aortic aneurysm and aortitis, among which aortic coarctation is the most dangerous, causing instant death once it tears. Treatment of large vessel disease is mainly surgical, supplemented by interventional stenting.