HPV and cancer are related. HPV can cause throat cancer, and HPV is also related to other cancers. Let’s take a look at the results of medical studies. 1. HPV infection and CIN and cervical cancer Studies have reported that 5.5% of existing cancers worldwide are directly or indirectly related to HPV, the most common of which is cervical cancer. The incidence of cervical cancer ranks 2nd among female malignancies, and about 20,000 women die from cervical cancer in China every year. Cervical cancer is by far one of the most reliable malignancies known to be of viral origin. There are many causes of cervical cancer, such as too many sexual partners or too much sex, too many pregnancies, too many births, smoking, and frequent oral contraceptive use. Current research confirms that HPV plays an extremely important role in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer. HPV infection is necessary for the development of cervical cancer, especially high-risk HPV infection has a clear relationship with the development of cervical cancer. Studies in the last decade have shown that HPV is the main causative agent of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, and that HPV can be detected in almost all (up to 99.7% in some reports) cervical cancer tissues, especially persistent high-risk HPV infection is the main cause of cervical cancer (note that the meaning of this statement cannot be interpreted the other way around to mean that 99.7% of high-risk HPV infections will develop into cervical cancer). . Cervical cancer does not occur suddenly, it goes through a process from CIN to cervical cancer. When factors that induce cervical epithelial atypical hyperplasia (e.g., HPV) persist, the atypical hyperplasia may continue to develop into carcinoma in situ, microscopic early invasive carcinoma (i.e., early stage of cervical cancer) and finally invasive carcinoma (i.e., advanced stage of cervical cancer). Since both atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ are located within the cervical epithelium, they are clinically referred to as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to show the difference with cervical cancer. CIN is classified into 3 grades with the following characteristics: CIN grade 1: mild atypical hyperplasia, i.e., the heterotypic cells are confined to the lower 1/3 of the cervical epithelium; CIN grade 2: moderate atypical hyperplasia, i.e., the heterotypic cells are confined to the lower 1/3-2/3 of the cervical epithelium; CIN grade 3: severe atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, i.e., the heterotypic cells are almost or completely involved in the cervical epithelium. There are often no obvious symptoms when atypical hyperplasia occurs, but abnormal cellular or histological changes of proliferation have occurred. The risk of developing into carcinoma in situ is 20 times higher than normal, and the risk of developing into invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is 7 times higher than normal. The risk of developing cancer is 15%, 30% and 45% for CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3, respectively. Studies have also shown that the higher the number of high-risk HPV viruses, the greater the probability of cervical lesions. 2.HPV infection and oral and oropharyngeal cancer A large number of basic and clinical studies at home and abroad have confirmed that HPV infection and the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNC) are related. Studies have found that 50% to 90% of oropharyngeal, tongue and tonsil squamous cell carcinomas are related to HPV infection, among which oropharyngeal carcinoma is more closely related and has received more and more evidence-based medical evidence. Oral squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the oral mucosa and has a high degree of malignancy. In addition to risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, the occurrence of oral tumors is related to HPV infection, especially the relationship between high-risk HPV and oral squamous cell carcinoma. the effect of HPV on oral cancer even exceeds that of smoking. 3.HPV infection and skin cancer Skin cancer can be divided into two categories: melanoma and non-melanoma, and the most common ones are malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. The incidence of these tumors has been increasing in recent years, and HPV infection usually starts from childhood, and the skin of normal children and adults can be infected with different types of HPV. 80% of adults have been infected with HPV. Numerous studies have shown that skin malignancies may be associated with HPV infection, and the rate of HPV infection varies among different types of skin cancers. High-risk HPV infection is predominant among skin cancer patients. In non-melanoma associated with renal transplant recipients on long-term immunosuppression, the rate of HPV infection is 20-fold higher than that of normal subjects. In addition, data suggest that epithelial tumors such as Bowen’s disease and Pazzer disease of the skin are also associated with such viral infections. 4.HPV infection and bronchial lung cancer HPV associated with bronchial lung cancer includes both tumorigenic HPV (HPVl6, 18, 31, 33 and 35) and non-tumorigenic HPV (HPV6 and 11), but non-tumorigenic types are uncommon. 5.HPV infection and esophageal cancer Syrjanen et al. first suggested in 1982 that high-risk HPV infection might be a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Subsequently, many scholars studied the relationship between HPV and esophageal cancer, but the conclusions were not entirely consistent. The prevalence of HPV infection in esophageal cancer varies from 0% to 100% in different regions, and even the prevalence of HPV infection in the same regions is very inconsistent. However, in general, there is a significant difference between the HPV infection rates in areas with high and low incidence of esophageal cancer. More and more information shows that malignant tumors in the anal canal area are also closely related to HPV, especially high-risk HPV, which is more common in homosexuals. This is more common among gay men, and when examining and treating them, they must not forget to rule out the possibility of high-risk HPV infection and early cancer. The actual HPV infection and breast cancer can be detected in some breast tumors, and a study in the British Journal of Cancer reported that high-risk HPV is present in 39% of ductal carcinomas in situ and 21% of invasive ductal carcinomas. This suggests that HPV may play a pathogenic role in some breast cancers. Vaccination against HPV for cervical cancer may prevent certain types of breast cancer. According to further research being done by the medical community on the relationship between HPV and tumors, in general, high-risk HPV16 infection is a risk factor for the development of cancers of the perineum, vagina, penis, anus, oral cavity and oropharynx, and has been associated with laryngeal cancer. High-risk HPV type l8 is also associated with most of the above cancers. Low-risk HPV types 6 and 11 are not associated with cervical cancer, but are associated with laryngeal cancer, as well as perineal, penile and anal tumors. Some HPVs are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. It is speculated that HPV may also be associated with malignant tumors of the lung, esophagus, rectum, colon, breast, ovary, prostate, bladder, nose and sinuses, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye, although a very definite conclusion has not yet been reached.