Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders with a high disability rate, recurrent clinical seizures and a long disease course, which seriously threatens the physical and mental health of patients (especially adolescent patients), preventing them from living, working and studying normally, affecting the quality of life of patients and their family members, and increasing the economic burden. There are about 0.4-1% of patients worldwide. According to the latest domestic statistics, the prevalence of epilepsy in China is 0.7%, according to which it is estimated that there are currently about 10 million epilepsy patients in China, while the number of new patients increases to 400,000 each year. About 70% of epilepsy patients can control their clinical seizures with regular antiepileptic drug treatment. However, there are still about 30% of epilepsy patients who respond poorly to drug therapy, called refractory epilepsy. This group of patients has a relatively long course of disease and, in addition to frequent seizures, is associated with intellectual disability or other neurological complications. What exactly is epilepsy? The definition of epilepsy was revised by the International League Against Epilepsy in 2014. Epilepsy was identified as a neurological “disease,” emphasizing that epilepsy severely affects the majority of patients bringing about daily life, work and learning. Diagnostic criteria for epilepsy: 1. At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures at least 24 hours apart; 2. Only one seizure, but the patient has a combination of risk factors for seizures, with at least a 60% probability of having another seizure within 10 years; 3. Patients whose seizures have also ceased and those who have been seizure-free for more than 10 years.