Type 1 diabetes, formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs mostly in children and adolescents, but can also occur at all ages. The onset of the disease is relatively rapid, the body insulin is absolutely insufficient, and ketoacidosis easily occurs, which must be treated with insulin to obtain satisfactory results, otherwise it will be life-threatening. A. Etiology 1. Autoimmune system defects A variety of autoimmune antibodies can be detected in the blood of type 1 diabetes patients, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD antibodies) and islet cell antibodies (ICA antibodies). These abnormal auto-antibodies can damage the insulin-secreting B cells of human pancreatic islets, making them unable to secrete insulin normally. 2, genetic factors Current research suggests that genetic defects are the basis for the development of type 1 diabetes, and this genetic defect is manifested in the abnormalities of HLA antigens on the 6th pair of human chromosomes. Research suggests that type 1 diabetes has a familial onset – if your parents have diabetes, you are more likely to develop the disease compared to people with no such family history. 3. Viral infections may be a trigger Viruses can also cause type 1 diabetes. This is because people with type 1 diabetes often have a history of viral infections for some time before the onset of the disease, and the onset of type 1 diabetes often occurs after an epidemic of viral infections. Viruses such as those that cause mumps and rubella, and the coxsackievirus family, which can cause polio, can all play a role in type 1 diabetes. 4, other factors such as milk, oxygen free radicals, some rodenticides, etc., whether these factors can cause diabetes, scientists are studying. Clinical manifestations The disease is most likely to occur in children or adolescents, and this is the first characteristic. The second characteristic of type 1 diabetes is that the onset of the disease is generally rapid, with symptoms such as thirst, excessive drinking, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness and weight loss, and some patients have ketoacidosis at the first onset. The third characteristic of type 1 diabetes is that it will eventually be treated with insulin without exception, so type 1 diabetes was originally also called insulin-dependent diabetes. The third characteristic of type 1 diabetes is that it will eventually be treated with insulin without exception.