With the development of medicine, medical practitioners have become more and more knowledgeable about the nervous system and have saved many difficult cases. Due to the peculiarities of the pediatric nervous system, common neurosurgical diseases in children also have their own characteristics. The mechanisms of head trauma, the response of the skull and intracranial pressure and the long-term prognosis of children are significantly different from those of adults. Neonates are mostly born with birth injuries; in children aged 1-4 years, trauma is the most important cause of death. In children younger than 2 years of age, craniosynostosis is commonly associated with negligent care, with falls being the most common. As children grow older, falls are less common than car accident injuries. Hydrocephalus is caused by congenital or acquired factors such as obstruction of the ventricular system, impaired absorption or excessive secretion of cerebral crest fluid. If the cranial suture of fontanelle is not closed, it shows that the head is huge, the fontanelle is expanded, the cranial suture is split, the scalp vein is angry, and the eyes show the sunset sign. If the cranial suture has been closed, the symptoms are paroxysmal headache, frequent vomiting, drowsiness, and optic papillar edema. In children with cremasterocele, a soft mass is found at birth in the lumbosacral, posterior cervical, or midline dorsal region, which gradually increases in size and tone with crying, lower limb deformity and incontinence, cranial enlargement, and mental retardation. Common brain tumors in children include astrocytoma, ventricular meningioma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, and germ cell tumor. CT and MR can make a clear diagnosis, and most of them can be treated and some of them can be cured.