Neuroendoscopy, like the role of laparoscopy in abdominal surgery, is increasingly used in neurosurgery. Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection is currently the most used neuroendoscopic tumor resection procedure and has become a standard procedure in some neurosurgical centers in China and abroad. The rapid development of endoscopic neurosurgery in the past 20 years has expanded the operation of transnasal endoscopy from the anterior skull base to the upper cervical spine and from the central to the lateral skull base. With a diameter of 3-4 mm, neuroendoscopes can be operated in narrower gaps and are commonly used at 0°, 30°, and 70° endoscopes. What are the advantages of neuroendoscopy as a tool for observation? First, the field of view under a conventional microscope is columnar and the light source is far from the operating area. The light source under the endoscope can be placed directly in the operating area, so that the field of view is expanded to a panoramic field of view, and switching to different angles of the endoscope makes the operating field of view less dead space. Secondly, the improved illumination provides higher magnification and clearer observation of anatomical details, facilitating surgical operations. The resulting benefits to patients are: 1. Less trauma than traditional transnasal surgery, less postoperative nasal bleeding and oozing; only unilateral nasal cavity filling or no nasal cavity filling is required, less nasal discomfort and shorter hospital stay. The nasal mucosa and sinus function are preserved to the maximum extent, so the incidence of sinus cysts, sinusitis and nasal mucosal adhesions is reduced after surgery. 2. Due to better illumination and higher magnification under endoscopy, the observation field is expanded and the rate of complete tumor resection is increased, which reduces the chance of tumor residue and recurrence after surgery. 3. Endoscopic surgery can reach areas that are difficult to be revealed by traditional microscopic surgery such as cavernous sinus and anterior skull base, which improves the scope of indications for transnasal minimally invasive surgery. 4. For pediatric patients with small nostrils, microscopic surgery retractor placement is more difficult. The slim diameter of the endoscope can better complete the operation. Endoscopic pituitary tumor surgery also has its defects and limitations. Endoscopic surgery is a one-handed operation and has a less stereoscopic field of view than microscopic surgery, requiring a longer period of training before the operator can become proficient. Secondly, some of the surgical instruments for endoscopic surgery are special instruments, which are more expensive; appropriate equipment and instruments should be available before the relevant work can be performed. As Charles Teo, a famous Australian-Chinese neurosurgeon, said: “Neuroendoscopy is a very useful tool and neurosurgeons should avail themselves of the opportunities offered by this versatile tool”.