What should surgical patients do to regulate their diet? Early and mid-stage tumor patients have sound digestive system function before surgery, and should supplement various nutrients, such as high quality protein, sugar, fat, inorganic salt and multivitamins as much as possible under the condition of digestion and absorption ability. Strengthening nutritional supplementation at this stage can improve physical fitness, enhance immunity, and prevent or delay the appearance of cachexia. If nutritional intervention is performed earlier before clinical treatment, the body can absorb nutrients more comprehensively, and patients in better condition can tolerate surgery better and recover better. For patients with gastrointestinal tumors, if they cannot eat normally by mouth, they can be given appropriate nutritional therapy. If the oral route is not sufficient to provide 50% of the required amount and exceeds 5 consecutive days, or if there is moderate or severe malnutrition, tube feeding should be used. 1.After a large operation on the digestive tract and abdomen, the intestine is in a low functional state and must be fasted. 2.In 2 to 4 days after surgery, if the anus is exhausted, it indicates that the intestinal function begins to recover, and a small amount of liquid diet can be given. 3.After 5 to 6 days, the diet can be changed to a small amount of semi-liquid diet. During this period, the diet should be light and nutritious, and avoid taking in coarse food residue into the liquid. Patients with malnutrition and poor digestion should choose foods that are easy to digest and absorb when they first eat, and they can also take an oral elemental diet or supplement it with peripheral intravenous injection of amino acids and fat milk. The main purpose of postoperative diet should be to supplement sufficient nutrition in order to improve the physical condition of patients, enhance the resistance, effectively prevent the spread and metastasis of tumor cells and delay the appearance of cachexia. The principle of postoperative nutritional treatment should be light, soft and easy to digest and absorb. In food selection and supplementation, do not be in a hurry, but start from liquid diet, and then transition to semi-liquid diet and common diet when there is no obvious discomfort reaction. 1.Foods with high calorie and high protein are needed, such as dairy products, fish, soy products, etc. can promote wound healing and enhance immune function. 2, need to supplement sufficient sugar, such as noodles, steamed buns, rice, etc. Sugar is the main source of calories, accounting for 60%-70% of total calories; if the intake of sugar is not paid attention to after surgery, dietary protein can be consumed as calories, which is not good for patients’ recovery. In addition, sugar is easy to digest and absorb, which is especially suitable for those with poor digestive function after surgery. 3, but also eat more fresh fruit to supplement a variety of vitamins and loosen the stool. However, do not eat too much food that is easy to produce gas, such as milk, eggs, etc., so as not to cause abdominal distension. 4, post-operative nutrition, but also with appropriate exercise exercise, which can accelerate the absorption of nutrients and improve the body’s immunity. How to supplement nutrition for radiation and chemotherapy? Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have certain side effects, which may affect appetite, food tolerance and nutrient absorption, so good nutrition is more important for tumor patients than healthy people. Before treatment, we should ensure the balanced absorption of protein, sugar and vitamins based on a light diet, mainly choosing a diet low in fat, high in sugar and high in vitamins and minerals. The daily diet contains five major food groups: cereals and potatoes (rice and pasta), vegetables and fruits (600-800g), meat, poultry and eggs (50-100g of lean meat or chicken or fish, 1 egg), milk and soy products (250ml of milk, 50-100g of soy products) and fats and oils (about 25g). You can choose 4-5 meals per day, with additional meals based on fruits. Due to the stimulation of the digestive tract during radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it is easy to produce indigestion and loss of appetite and other discomforts. It is advisable to choose light and easily digestible food, and the total daily calorie intake should not be lower than the minimum requirement for normal people. In order to enhance the physical fitness of patients and improve the resistance, rich nutritious food should be provided during the treatment period to improve the tolerance of the body against the adverse effects of tumor drugs. 1. Diet should be mainly high in calories and protein, such as chicken, duck, fish, shrimp, lean meat, eggs, etc. Rice, millet, soybeans, wheat, chicken, goat and beef are foods to supplement qi, which can be consumed by patients with physical deficiency. 2.Duck, turtle, carp and pomfret have the function of tonifying and strengthening the spleen. 3.Shiitake mushroom, enoki mushroom, wood fungus and monkey head mushroom have certain anti-cancer effects and can improve the immunity of the body. 4.At the same time, we should also eat fresh vegetables and fruits, which are rich in vitamins and trace elements and have certain anti-cancer and anti-cancer effects. 5. When cooking, we should pay attention to the color, aroma and taste, and eat more easily digestible foods such as boiled, stewed and steamed foods, not fried foods. Eating can be done in small quantities to avoid digestive and absorption disorders. Regarding drinking water, chemotherapy patients are recommended to drink no less than 1500ml per day, which can help correct water-electrolyte disorders and speed up the discharge of chemotherapy toxic drugs in the body. Radiotherapy patients are recommended to drink no less than 2500ml per day, which can make metabolites excreted from the body as soon as possible. The diet after radiotherapy and chemotherapy is especially crucial for patients, which can help the body recover and have enough “capital” to fight against the next treatment. Food should be as diverse as possible and ensure balanced nutrition, eat more high protein, multivitamin, low animal fat, easy to digest food, staple food coarse and fine grain mix, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables. Do not eat stale or irritating food, do not drink carbonated beverages, etc. Try to avoid smoked, baked, pickled and fried foods to prevent bloating, diarrhea and constipation. To improve immune function, eat shiitake mushrooms, mushrooms, monkey head mushrooms, wood ear, etc. How should late stage patients adjust their diet? 1. Ensure protein intake: Most patients have poor digestive function, so a liquid diet should be the mainstay, with a small number of meals each day to ensure the intake of high-quality protein and high energy. Among plant proteins, cereals contain about 10% protein, beans are rich in protein, especially soybeans contain 36%-40% protein, and the amino acid composition is reasonable, and the utilization rate in the body is high, which is a very good protein in plant proteins. Eggs contain 11%-14% protein and are an important source of high quality protein, while milk generally contains 3.0%-3.5% protein. Patients can reasonably deploy their protein dietary intake according to their preferences, and make food into burnt form for easy swallowing. 2.Strengthen the intake of B vitamins: B vitamins are involved in DNA synthesis, maintaining genome stability, assisting DNA repair, regulating cell proliferation and death, etc., thus playing an anti-cancer and anti-cancer role. (1) The main food sources of vitamin B1 are beans, brown rice, milk and poultry. (2) The main food sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) are lean meat, egg yolk, brown rice and green leafy vegetables. (3) The main sources of vitamin B3 are animal food, liver, yeast, egg yolk and beans, of which beans are rich in it, while vegetables and fruits are low in it. (4) The main sources of vitamin B5 are yeast, animal liver, kidney, malt and brown rice. (5) The main sources of vitamin B6 are lean meat, nuts, brown rice, green leafy vegetables and bananas. (6) The main sources of vitamin B12 are liver, fish and milk. 3, supplemental vitamin C: can improve the body’s immune function, and is an antioxidant, widely involved in the synthesis of the body’s intercellular matrix and detoxification. Because certain chemical substances will be transformed into carcinogens only after being oxidized, vitamin C can block the production of these carcinogens. 4.Diversified diet, fine and soft, do not spicy stimulation: for patients with poor appetite, at the same time, we should pay attention to the color and aroma, pay attention to the sensory properties of food, such as color, aroma, taste and other appropriate deployment. At the same time, try to eat less irritating and rough food to avoid stimulating local aggravation of symptoms and bleeding caused by scratching the wound. What are the dietary principles for tumor patients? Generally speaking, tumor patients should master the following five nutrition principles. 1. Pay attention to dietary balance: Dietary balance is the basis for maintaining the immunity of the body, and common food is the best source of nutrients for the body. 2. Food diversification and rationalization: To ensure the intake of balanced and comprehensive nutrition, daily food diversification is necessary, i.e., according to the proportion of the five major food groups shown in the Balanced Diet Pagoda for Chinese residents. 3.Small and multiple meals, light and easily digestible food: For patients after radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, due to the weakened digestive function, increasing the number of meals can achieve the purpose of reducing the burden on the digestive tract and increasing food intake at the same time. 4, should not be too much taboo: taboo should be decided according to the disease, disease and the individual characteristics of different patients, do not advocate too much taboo. Generally, patients need to restrict or forbid foods such as fried, smoked and barbecued, spicy and stimulating, greasy and raw foods. 5.Choose foods with anti-cancer effect, eat more vegetables and fruits (such as asparagus, carrot, spinach, tomato, potato, kiwi, etc.), soybeans and their products, edible mushrooms, nuts, seaweed, coix seeds, milk, eggs and other foods.