After the birth of a newborn, some “symptoms” may seem like diseases, but they are normal physiological phenomena or belong to some physiological defects. These normal physiological phenomena will be cured without treatment and will disappear naturally in a short period of time; some physiological defects do not affect the healthy growth of the child, so there is no need to rush to seek medical help and deal with them as appropriate when the child grows up a little. 1. Scalp hematoma and birth tumor Neonatal scalp hematoma mainly occurs after difficult birth, assisted birth with forceps, fetal head aspiration and other deliveries, and sometimes also occurs in normal birth. It is formed due to the rupture and bleeding of small blood vessels under the skull periosteum, and the blood stays in the local area. The hematoma is higher than the skin, with clear borders and varying sizes, and does not exceed the skull bone suture. The hematoma is usually visible 2 to 3 days after birth and will gradually disappear after several weeks to months. If the hematoma is large, it can also be treated by puncture and blood sampling at the hospital. Intramuscular injection of vitamin K2 mg and hemostat 125 mg can be given before the blood is drawn to promote blood clotting. And if the blood drawn is more than 40 ml, the newborn should be given an appropriate amount of fluids. A neoplasm is an edema of the fetal head formed by compression of the birth canal. They are present from birth and are variable in location, mostly in the occipital region, with no definite boundary and a finger indentation on pressure, which may extend beyond the bone suture. In most cases, the tumor disappears gradually within 2 to 3 days after delivery and does not require treatment. However, please note that both scalp hematoma and birth tumor should not be rubbed and pressed. 2, the skin yellowing newborn skin after birth, there may not be disease, there may be disease, but not a disease is common, is a disease is individual, parents should pay attention to the two cases of observation, distinction. If a newborn has light yellowing of the skin within a week after birth, white eyes with a slight yellow tint, yellow urine but not white diapers, and the yellowing of the skin disappears after a week, it is a normal physiological phenomenon, medically known as “physiological jaundice”. This phenomenon occurs in most newborns. Physiological jaundice mostly appears 2 to 3 days after birth, with a peak of 4 to 5 days, and naturally subsides in 7 to 10 days. About 80% of premature infants can develop physiological jaundice, which appears 3 to 5 days after birth and is heavier than that of full-term infants, and can extend to 2 to 4 weeks before subsiding. This is not a disease and does not require treatment. If the newborn’s skin is more yellow and the skin is pressed with a finger for 2 seconds and the finger leaves, the skin is orange where the finger pressed; the newborn’s white eyes and tears are yellow; the urine is dark yellow and stains the white diaper, it is pathological. If the jaundice does not subside 2 weeks after birth, or if it reappears after it has subside, it is also abnormal and is medically called “pathological jaundice” and should be examined and treated by a doctor. Every mother should observe and distinguish the yellowing of her baby’s skin during the first week of life. If the difference is not obvious, or if the yellowing of the skin does not disappear after 7 to 10 days (4 weeks for premature babies), you should ask your doctor for a diagnosis. Some breastfed babies have jaundice for a longer period of time, but if it is not heavy, there is usually no problem. 3, “horse teeth” careful mother, when feeding the child, you may find a newborn baby mouth shortly after birth some small white spots on the dental bed, a little larger like a white ball, which is not a real tooth. This is not a real tooth, because it is like a long tooth, so it is called “horse teeth”. The “horse teeth” in the mouth of different children, the number and size varies. It is a kind of epithelial cell accumulation formed during embryonic development, do not use a needle to pick, and do not use a cloth dipped in water to wipe. The child’s oral mucosa is very tender, the newborn saliva secretion and less, easy to break; dense under the mucosa blood vessels, bacteria easily infected and into the blood, resulting in neonatal sepsis is very dangerous. Don’t worry, when the “horse teeth” grow to a certain point, the child will automatically fall off and disappear due to friction when eating milk. 4.Breast swelling Newborns, whether male or female, can often be seen with cone-shaped breasts, and some can even see a small amount of milk being secreted. As long as the breast is not red, swollen, painful to touch and other inflammatory phenomena, that does not matter. This is because the mother’s body secretes more estrogen, progesterone, lactogen and oxytocin during the period of labor, which causes the fetus to absorb these hormones temporarily. It usually disappears within 2 weeks, and may extend to 2 to 3 weeks for a few children. Never use your hands to squeeze, otherwise it will easily get infected. 5. Wet at the umbilical cord The umbilical cord of a newborn is moist after birth and will generally dry naturally and fall off in 4 to 5 days. If the root of the umbilical cord is still wet and often oozes some water after it falls off, it may be infected and should be treated by a doctor. If only a small amount of brown liquid oozes out at a time, it is fine to keep it clean as long as it is disinfected. 6, grip reflex I don’t know if you’ve noticed, newborns and older children clench their fists differently, always with the thumb close to the palm of the hand, not easy to stretch out. By the time you can move two or three months, if you grab the mother’s hair, you will still find it difficult to break their hands away. This is because of the immaturity of the child’s brain development, the hand muscle activity regulation is not effective. The younger the child, the more pronounced this phenomenon is called the grip reflex, which generally disappears gradually only after 6 months of age. Due to the grip reflex, the palm of the hand is always impermeable, moist and prone to bacterial growth; in addition, babies love to suck their hands, so special attention should be paid to cleaning the palm of the baby. 7. “Birthmarks” and “birthmarks” Newborns often have dark blue patches of different shapes and sizes on the skin of their buttocks, backs or inner legs, commonly known as “birthmarks”; some newborns also have light spots on their eyelids, faces or the back of their heads. Some newborns also have light blue or light red patches on the eyelids, face or back of the head, commonly known as “birthmarks”. “Birthmarks and moles are formed by localized vascular expansion and are related to external stimulation at birth or family inheritance. Some of them can disappear, while others can exist for a lifetime and have no effect on health, so there is no need to make any urgent treatment. However, parents should pay attention to observe that if such patches continue to expand, it is not a “birthmark”, but may be a hemangioma, and should be treated in hospital. 8.Newborn erythema Newborn babies have red papules on the face, neck, chest or abdomen and all over the body 2 to 3 days after birth, and these red papules can naturally fade away after 2 to 3 days even without treatment, so no special treatment is needed. However, if some of the rashes become infected with pus and edema appears around the rash, you must go to the hospital for treatment. 9, newborn milk spill Newborn milk spill is a common phenomenon. Because the newborn’s stomach is in a horizontal position, i.e., the cardia at the entrance of the stomach and the pylorus at the exit of the stomach are almost at the same level, unlike the adult’s stomach which is in an oblique position. Moreover, the capacity of the newborn’s stomach is small, and the cardia muscles are not fully developed and not closed tightly, so it is easy to cause milk to flow backwards in the stomach. When changing diapers, crying or moving around after feeding, it is especially easy to overflow milk. There is also a situation where milk does not fill the nipple when bottle-feeding, causing a large amount of air to be swallowed, resulting in over-expansion of the stomach, which can also cause milk overflow. In order to prevent overflow, you can start from the following aspects: 1) When breastfeeding, the mother should try to use a sitting breastfeeding method to prevent the baby from inhaling a lot of air. If the milk flow is too fast, press the nipple lightly or pull the nipple out of the baby’s mouth to shed some milk before feeding. When artificial feeding with a bottle, you should also try to use a semi-recumbent position so that the milk powder fills the artificial nipple. If the baby sucks too rapidly, pull the nipple out of the baby’s mouth to prevent inhaling too much air. 2）Gently pick up the baby after feeding, let its head rest on the mother’s shoulder and gently pat its back slightly to the left with your hand for about 2 to 3 minutes, and then put it to bed after you hear the burping sound. (3) After breastfeeding, it is advisable to adopt a right lateral position when you first fall asleep so that the cardia of the stomach faces upward. Generally, milk enters the intestines after 30 minutes and you can lie down. Some diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia and indigestion can cause spitting up of milk. This kind of spitting up of milk, sometimes like spitting out, is often preceded by discomfort and crying, and can be accompanied by other symptoms, which should be carefully observed and identified. 10. Infant hiccups Hiccups are common for infants, and are especially common in newborns. Why do they hiccup? It starts with the function of the diaphragm. Between the thoracic and abdominal cavities of the body, there is a thin layer of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, called the diaphragm. When the diaphragm contracts, the chest cavity expands, resulting in inspiration; when the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity shrinks, causing expiration. Infants, especially newborns, are susceptible to exogenous influences on the function of the vegetative nerve activity that controls diaphragm movement due to imperfect neurological development. When cold air is inhaled or food is eaten too quickly, the diaphragm is prone to sudden contractions and rapid inhalation, causing the vocal cords to tighten and the vocal chords to suddenly close, resulting in a “hiccup” sound. As infants grow and their nervous system develops, the hiccups will naturally decrease. When a baby has hiccups, feed him or her some warm water or pick up and pat the back to stop the hiccups. When breastfeeding, avoid air inhalation and hold the baby vertically and pat its back after breastfeeding so that the air in its stomach can be expelled, which can prevent hiccups. Some newborns do not start urinating until 36 hours after birth. This is because the newborn’s kidney function is not yet perfect, and the newborn also loses more water through breathing and skin, so there is no urine at birth. However, if the newborn does not urinate for more than two full days, even after feeding the newborn 5% oral glucose water, the newborn still does not urinate, and it is necessary to consult a doctor. Usually, newborns pass urine for the first time during the birth process, and they may pass urine for the first day after birth, or they may pass urine 4 to 5 times. Later, as the amount of food intake gradually increases, it can be more than 10 times a day and night. If there is no urine for 48 hours after birth, we should consider the presence of urinary system abnormalities and feed sugar water first and pay attention to observation. There are many reasons for anuria, but it is related to the blockage of renal tubules by uric acid crystals in the urine of newborns, which can be corrected by feeding more water. If feeding more water still does not work, you must promptly consult a doctor. 12, pseudo-menstruation and “leucorrhoea” female infants under the influence of maternal estrogen, a few days after birth, the vagina may secrete mucus like women leucorrhoea, a few female infants may also see bloody secretions. This phenomenon can be eliminated within a week after the interruption of maternal estrogen, so there is no need to be surprised or worried about it. 13, external genital swelling Whether it is a male or female baby, its external genitalia are swollen after birth. This is also temporary, after 2 to 3 days can be restored to a normal state. So there is no need to panic.