1.What are the types of viral hepatitis? Viral hepatitis is a disease caused by a group of viruses that mainly invade the liver and cause inflammation of the liver tissue. According to the different viruses that cause disease, can be divided into five types of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through the fecal route and are self-healing diseases, which generally do not become chronic. The hepatitis D virus can only complete its reproductive cycle if it is co-infected with the hepatitis B virus, and infection with the hepatitis D virus can aggravate the disease or make it more likely to become chronic; 2.What is a hepatitis B virus carrier? What is major triplet and minor triplet? Hepatitis B virus carrier refers to hepatitis B surface antigen positive, normal liver function, clinically asymptomatic. It can be major triple-positive, minor triple-positive, or the first and fifth positive items. The five indicators of hepatitis B are listed in order of 1. surface antigen (HBsAg) 2. surface antibody (HBsAb) 3. e antigen (HBeAg) 4. e antibody (HBeAb) and 5. core antibody (HBcAb), 1, 3 and 5 positive for major triplet, 1, 4 and 5 positive for minor triplet. 3.What should carriers of hepatitis B virus pay attention to? Carriers can work and study normally, generally do not need to treat, because all the current antiviral therapy and immunomodulatory therapy are not obvious efficacy, blindly taking “turn negative” drugs, sometimes not only failed to achieve the purpose, but also can induce hepatitis, so that carriers become hepatitis patients. However, the following points must be noted: (1) regular (3-6 months) review, including liver function, ultrasound, AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and white blood cells, platelets. Once abnormalities are detected, treatment is required depending on the situation. Although the liver function test is normal, but the liver has fibrosis, splenomegaly or leukocyte and platelet reduction should also be taken seriously and necessary treatment should be carried out. HBeAg positive or HBVDNA positive, it is not appropriate to engage in contact with directly imported food, eating utensils and infants and children work. 4.What are the restrictions on HBsAg carriers for further education, employment, marriage, etc.? Because people do not have a comprehensive understanding of HBsAg carriers, so that some HBsAg carriers in the youth in higher education, employment, marriage, and even abroad have occurred in a variety of problems. In fact, some problems are not that serious. Except for certain studies, such as early childhood teacher training, catering industry, etc., there should not be too many restrictions on further education, employment, or even going abroad. This is because the transmission of hepatitis B is mainly through blood, and occasionally through saliva and semen, and it is unlikely to be transmitted to other people through general contact in daily life. As for marriage, as long as the other party is anti-HBs positive, there is no problem of mutual transmission. If the other party is all negative for hepatitis B markers, it is recommended to get vaccinated against hepatitis B before getting married. 5. Can HBsAg and HBeAg be turned negative? Acute hepatitis B patients have a high probability of negative surface antigen and e antigen. However, the HBSAg rate in chronic hepatitis and carriers is rarely negative, with an annual rate of only 1-2%, and few existing drugs can make it disappear. The existing antiviral drugs, such as interferon, oral nucleoside analogues (lamivudine, adefovir, telbivudine and entecavir) can make some patients turn negative for HeAg and positive for anti-HBe, which means that the virus is not actively replicating and the disease is stable. Hepatitis B can only be considered to be basically or completely eliminated when there is a positive surface antibody (anti-one HBS). 6. Is hepatitis B found to be positive for surface antigen during physical examination? No obvious conscious symptoms, physical examination, no signs such as liver, spleen enlargement, the liver function tests are normal, should not be treated as hepatitis patients, but called hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. 7.Is the disease of major triple yang very serious? The three positives mentioned (commonly known as “Big Three”) can only indicate the presence of hepatitis B virus in the body and the number of viruses is high, but it does not mean that the inflammation and damage to the liver are serious. And in general, the level of viral replication and liver lesions are not related, such as HsAg carriers although the high level of viral replication liver can be no obvious lesions, while cirrhosis patients are not very high levels of virus. 8.What are the most effective measures to prevent hepatitis B? The prevention of hepatitis B is the most effective way to protect susceptible people and prevent hepatitis B based on comprehensive measures such as strengthening the management of blood and blood products, eliminating medical source infections (needles, syringes, contamination during medical operations) and improving sanitary conditions and removing bad hygiene habits, as well as implementing hepatitis B vaccination. Since January 1992, hepatitis B vaccination has been given to newborns and preschool children on a large scale nationwide. The recombinant vaccine for hepatitis B has overcome the limitation of blood source vaccine and the high yield is sufficient to meet the needs of people for hepatitis B prevention. 9.How to arrange the activities and rest for hepatitis patients? If the liver is sick, we should try to reduce its burden, so it is very necessary to avoid physical work and intense mental work, including watching TV and playing cards and mahjong for a long time. This is especially important in the acute phase and when liver function is significantly impaired. When a person is standing and active, the blood flow through the liver is 20-50% less than when he or she is bedridden. More blood flow to the liver brings nutrients, takes away waste and toxic substances in time, and makes it easier for drugs to be effective. After a meal is when the gastrointestinal and liver to strengthen the work of the urgent need to increase the flow of blood to the liver, if this time to go to activities, reading and learning; then the blood to the limbs and brain more, the liver less, so hepatitis patients should rest for about an hour after meals, after meals walking is inappropriate. For patients with basic stable liver function or slight damage, long-term bed rest and inactivity may lead to the loss of various body functions and weight gain, which is also not conducive to physical recovery. So for patients with light disease in the daytime walk, playing tai chi and some light labor to regulate the function is very necessary. 10.What should hepatitis patients pay attention to in terms of diet? Chronic hepatitis patients in general, the diet is the same as usual, not particularly nutritious, but also do not have to special taboos. Fresh fruits, vegetables, fish (except green fish), eggs, meat and milk can be eaten, but do not eat too much. In the past, there was an emphasis on the three highs, namely protein, high sugar and high vitamins, which proved to be inappropriate. Because the liver is sick, the gastrointestinal digestive power is weakened, a lot of nutrition, digestion and absorption can not, but increase the burden on the liver, some even cause fatty liver, diabetes, coronary heart disease. When the tongue is thick and greasy, abdominal distension, weight gainers, or when liver function is obviously abnormal, you should eat a light diet, mainly vegetables, a small amount of fish and meat. There are also foods to avoid mouth, such as wine, tobacco, greasy food, unclean food, such as salted crab, ark and other raw shellfish should not eat. Some “native doctor” said, eat his medicine can not eat meat, can only eat vegetarian, or even only eat pickles, is very unscientific, long-term, malnutrition, liver recovery has become empty words. 11.What is cirrhosis of the liver? Liver cirrhosis can be caused by a variety of pathogenic factors. In our country, the most important ones are still hepatitis B and C. Especially the former. The formation of cirrhosis is the result of long-term action of pathogenic factors and is a gradual process. The basis of its pathology is the abnormal reconstruction of the tissue structure of the liver lobules (small structural units of the liver), including liver fibrosis and nodular regeneration. In the early stage, the symptoms are often not obvious. In the compensated stage of liver function, there may be symptoms such as weakness, loss of appetite, indigestion, vague pain or discomfort in the left upper abdomen, or there may be no obvious symptoms. Patients with cirrhosis have a grayish complexion, hyperpigmentation, dilated capillaries and spider nevi on the face and arms of the neck, a hard texture of the liver, and nodules may be present on the surface. Some patients develop gynecomastia and female menstrual irregularities. There are varicose veins in the abdominal wall and a significant decrease in platelets and white blood cells on routine blood tests. The liver function test is decreased albumin and increased globulin. ultrasound examination of the liver light point increase thickening, uneven, liver shrinkage deformation, portal vein and splenic vein widening. ct and magnetic resonance (NMR) help to diagnose, X-ray esophageal barium meal fluoroscopy can find varicose veins. 12.How can the hepatitis B virus not be transmitted to the newborn Q: I am a carrier of the hepatitis B virus, I have been married for several years, and I am afraid that the child born will also carry the virus, so I have been afraid to have a child. Can I breastfeed? A: The main ways of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus are intrauterine transmission, transmission during labor, and transmission through postpartum feeding. Direct infection of the fetus through the placenta in the womb before delivery is rare, accounting for only 5-10% of cases. Most mother-to-child transmission occurs when the newborn is infected by contact with maternal blood or amniotic fluid during delivery, or by postpartum feeding and close contact. The mother-infant interruption method using sequential injections of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in late pregnancy and hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine immediately after the birth of the newborn can achieve a blockage rate of about 90%. You must go to a regular hospital specialist or specialist hospital for guidance before giving birth. Can breastfeeding infect the baby? Currently, there are two opinions among domestic scholars on this issue: one is that although hepatitis B virus is present in the mother’s milk, the amount of virus is far less than that in the blood, and the hepatitis B virus does not infect through the gastrointestinal tract. Another part of scholars believe that mothers with hepatitis B virus infection are insured by not breastfeeding their children.