A randomized controlled study found that adults with diabetes who skipped breakfast had an increased risk of postprandial hyperglycemia and a persistently impaired insulin response even after eating lunch and dinner. The full study was recently published in the journal Diabetes Care. Daniela Jakubowicz, PhD, of Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel, and his colleagues analyzed data from 22 patients with type 2 diabetes (12 men; mean age 57 years, mean BMI 28.2 kg/m?2;, mean duration of diabetes 8.4 years, mean glycosylated hemoglobin 7.7%) with a disease duration of less than 10 years. data from October 2012 to Subjects were randomized to 2 days of testing between October 2012 and January 2014, with or without breakfast, but with both lunch and dinner. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acids, glucagon, and intact glucagon-like peptide (iGLP-1) were measured daily after subjects ate lunch and dinner, with all meals provided by the investigator. The macronutrient content and composition were the same for all test meals. The researchers found that subjects who skipped breakfast had 39.8% and 24.9% higher peak plasma glucose after lunch and dinner, respectively, than subjects who ate all three meals (P<0.0001< span="">). The researchers also found that the area under the glucose curve was 36.8% and 26.6% higher after lunch and dinner, respectively, in subjects who skipped breakfast than in those who ate breakfast. In addition, the time to peak insulin after lunch and dinner was delayed by 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, for those who skipped breakfast compared to those who ate breakfast. The researchers also noted that plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations were lower after lunch and dinner in the non-breakfast eaters. Plasma free fatty acid and glucagon levels were significantly higher after lunch and dinner in those who did not eat breakfast. ”This study therefore suggests that breakfast is important for glucose homeostasis throughout the day, including islet function and enteroglucagon levels,” the researchers wrote. The exact duration of the response to hyperglycemia after lunch and dinner remains unknown, while the roles of insulin sensitivity, gastric emptying and clock gene expression are all still unclear, the researchers noted.