Manifestations of Tourette’s disorder in children

  Tic disorder in children is a behavioral disorder characterized by muscle twitching, which is manifested by involuntary, sudden, rapid, repetitive, and stereotyped movements or vocalizations.  It is often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, hyperactivity, learning difficulties, mood disorders, and other behavioral problems. It starts in childhood and adolescence; it has a clear genetic predisposition; the cause is still unknown; a few cases are easily recurring and difficult to cure; it is harmful to children’s physical and mental health, not only affecting their school life and social functions; it brings a heavy psychological burden to parents; and some children’s symptoms continue into adulthood, affecting social activities such as employment and communication. In addition, many behavioral problems are often associated with the child, making it more difficult to treat; the prevalence has increased significantly in recent years.  Tic disorders are divided into motor tics and vocal tics in terms of their manifestations. Motor tics are tics of the head, neck, shoulder, trunk and limb muscles; vocal tics are tics involving the respiratory, pharyngeal, laryngeal, oral and nasal muscles. Both can be divided into two categories: simple and complex.  Simple motor tics often have the following manifestations: blinking, squinting eyes, frowning, raising eyebrows, opening mouth, extending tongue, pouting mouth, crooked mouth, licking lips, wrinkling nose, nodding head, shaking head, turning head, sloping neck, shrugging shoulders, moving fingers, rubbing hands, making fists, moving wrists, raising arms, stretching or internally rotating arms, moving toes, stretching legs, shaking legs, tiptoeing, stirring feet, extending knees, bending knees, extending hips, bending hips, raising chest, tucking abdomen, twisting waist, etc.  2. Complex motor tics include: eyebrow squeezing, making a face, eye rolling, twisting fingers, hand fluttering, hand clapping, upper arm waving, jabbing, limb fluttering, chest boxing, waist bending, jaw touching knee, torso twisting, jumping, squatting, kneeling, kicking, kneeling, stomping, jumping, hopping, throwing, tapping, touching, sniffing, hair grooming, walking and turning. The twitching is a simple vocal tic, and the twitching is a simple vocal tic.  3.Simple vocal tics are monotone, snorting, growling, grunting, throat clearing, coughing, squeaking, screaming, shouting, grunting, spitting, whistling, sucking, barking, bird chirping, etc.  4. Complex vocal tics are words, phrases, phrases, short sentences, repetition of words or phrases, repetition of utterances, imitation of speech, obscenities (swearing or cursing for no reason), etc.  There are also specific manifestations of tic disorder that can easily be overlooked or misdiagnosed, such as abnormal sensations, chest tightness, breath-holding, sigh-like breathing, and neck discomfort. Of course, to diagnose tic disorder, it is not enough to rely on the above manifestations alone, but also to exclude many other diseases.