Urethral caruncle is also known as urethral granuloma and vascular polyp. English name urethral caruncle Prevalent group: postmenopausal women Common site of disease: urethra Common symptoms: pain, contact bleeding Infectious: none Etiology: Because of its prevalence in postmenopausal women, urethral caruncle is rare in premenopausal and adolescent females, but it has been reported to occur in girls as young as 2 years of age. The cause of this disease has not been clearly elucidated. It is generally believed to be related to decreased estrogen levels. Clinical manifestations: 1. Urethral pain Burning pain may occur, which is aggravated during urination, activity, friction of clothing and pants, and sexual intercourse. Sometimes it can cause urinary frequency and urinary distraction. 2. contact bleeding Contact and friction can easily cause injury, but rarely large amount of bleeding occurs. Examination: 1. Pathologic examination A large number of dilated capillaries, connective tissue, and epithelial cells can be seen microscopically. The examined tissue looks like a bed of granulation tissue covered by squamous or migratory epithelium. Encapsulation of epithelial tissue may form papillary structures, and inflammatory infiltrates are common. Depending on the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, and varicose veins, they can be classified into the following 3 types: (1) Those with predominantly epithelial hyperplasia are known as papillomatous. (2) Those with predominantly vascular proliferation are called hemangioma type. (3) Granulomatous type is characterized by granulomatous hyperplasia. 2. Hormonal examination may reveal that estrogen is below normal level. Diagnosis: The disease can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations. Treatment: Asymptomatic patients do not require treatment. For those with symptoms, the following treatments can be used: 1. Medication Appropriate supplementation of estrogen levels in the body is very helpful in the treatment of the disease. Estrogen ointment can be used externally with good results. If combined with senile vaginitis, estrogen vaginal suppository can be used once a night for 10-20 days. After that, it can be used once every 1 to 2 weeks until it is completely cured. 2. Surgical treatment For those who are not cured for a long time, electrocautery, freezing, laser or surgical excision can be used. Surgical excision should include the base and close the incision. Prevention: 1. Regular physical examination for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. 2. 2. Good follow-up to prevent deterioration of the condition. 3. Personal hygiene Keep the vulva clean and dry, change underwear frequently, wear cotton underwear, and have regular gynecological examination. 4. Enhance physical fitness Improve one’s immunity: pay attention to the combination of work and rest, participate in physical exercise, strengthen nutrition, and take a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-calorie, high-vitamin, low-fat nutritional diet.