The more common clinical thyroid disorders simply include two main conditions: functional abnormalities (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism); and morphological abnormalities (thyroid nodules, adenomas, etc.). It is important to note that hyperthyroidism does not necessarily mean the presence of thyroid nodules, and the presence of thyroid nodules does not necessarily mean the presence of hyperthyroidism! 1. Functional abnormalities: The function of the thyroid gland is to secrete thyroid hormones, which are the hormones that maintain normal human metabolism and excitability. When there is too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), there will be an increased heart rate, irritability, irritability, fear of heat, excessive sweating, increased appetite but weight loss (metabolism increases and energy is consumed as calories). If it is clear that the hyperthyroidism is caused by Graves’ disease, treatment (medication, iodine 131 therapy, surgery) is needed to control the symptoms. If it is too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism), symptoms such as memory loss, drowsiness, weakness, bloating, constipation and weight gain will occur, and thyroid hormone supplementation (eugenol) will improve the symptoms. 2. Morphological abnormalities (thyroid nodules, adenomas, etc.): Thyroid nodules and adenomas are usually diagnosed by ultrasound of the thyroid gland. Blood sampling of thyroid function cannot determine the presence of nodules and nodules in the thyroid gland. Although it is a morphological abnormality, thyroid function may still be normal in the presence of a thyroid nodule or adenoma. In the case of normal thyroid function, medical medication is usually not required and only the benignity or malignancy of the thyroid nodule or adenoma needs to be evaluated. If a malignant nodule or adenoma is likely, surgical removal is recommended (internal medications cannot treat it); if the nodule is considered benign, regular follow-up thyroid ultrasound is sufficient.