Primary prevention of esophageal cancer, i.e. etiological prevention: it refers to the elimination or reduction of possible cancer-causing factors to prevent the occurrence of cancer. It mainly includes cancer prevention propaganda, smoking control, environmental management, advocating healthy lifestyle and dietary habits, etc. The measures implemented successively in areas with high incidence of esophageal cancer, such as changing water, preventing mold and removing amines, drying grain and water, applying molybdenum fertilizer, supplementing trace elements, and promoting riboflavin salt, are all primary prevention measures. In general, the effect of primary prevention is slow. Secondary prevention of esophageal cancer (i.e. three early prevention and treatment) refers to early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of esophageal cancer. Early detection and diagnosis of esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions can be achieved through electronic gastroscopy screening in high-risk groups. Minimally invasive endoscopic treatment is performed on the screened early cancer and precancerous lesions to achieve early treatment. The 5-year survival rate after treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer can reach over 95%, while the 5-year survival rate after treatment for mid- to late-stage cancer is only about 25%, which is quite a big difference. With the slow effect of primary cancer prevention, “three early prevention” is the most effective method recognized worldwide to improve cancer survival rate and reduce mortality. Tertiary prevention of esophageal cancer: mainly through surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biological therapy and other symptomatic treatments for malignant tumor patients, which can improve the cure rate, survival rate and patient’s survival quality, reduce patients’ pain and prolong their lives.