Glucose monitoring not only involves monitoring blood glucose, including blood glucose profile at all points, glycated hemoglobin, but also risk factors, including: blood pressure, weight and waist circumference, blood lipids, feet, kidneys, fundus, cardiovascular disease, etc. Here, let’s learn how to monitor one by one. 1, blood pressure Diabetes and hypertension can be described as a deadly combination that can increase the incidence of heart, brain, kidney, retinopathy and other complications. Some studies have shown that the incidence of hypertension in diabetic patients is significantly higher than normal, and strict control of blood pressure in diabetic patients can lead to a decrease in the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, and microvascular lesions. Therefore, the goal of blood pressure control should be 140/80 mmHg or less. Patients with diabetes without combined hypertension should have their blood pressure checked once a month. Patients with combined hypertension should have their blood pressure measured every morning and evening, and after the blood pressure is smoothly controlled, the blood pressure can be measured one day a week. 2.Weight and waist circumference Body mass index can reflect the degree of obesity of the whole body, body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg) / height (m) 2, the normal value of 18.5-23.9kg/m², the control target is less than <24kg/m2. waist circumference can reflect the degree of central obesity, the control target of waist circumference is less than 90cm for men and less than 85cm for women. 3.Blood lipids Diabetic patients also Often combined with abnormal lipid metabolism, can lead to heart, brain, kidney, retinopathy and increased mortality. Patients with diabetes should have their blood lipids checked at least once a year. Patients treated with lipid-regulating drugs need to be tested more often, and every three months during pregnancy. Foot The diabetic foot is one of the most serious and most expensive chronic complications of diabetes to treat. The relative risk of lower extremity amputation is 40 times higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Prevention and treatment of foot ulcers can significantly reduce the rate of amputation. Diabetic foot treatment is difficult, but prevention is very effective. Foot examination should be strengthened, and those with foot disease and risk factors should check the foot daily, especially between the toes, including whether the foot has deformities, calluses, ulcers, skin color changes; dorsal foot artery and posterior tibial artery pulsations, skin temperature, and whether there are sensory abnormalities. General patients should visit the hospital every three months for foot and related examinations. 4. Kidney Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay attention to the examination of kidney function for early detection of abnormal kidney function; routine urine examination at each follow-up visit; annual testing of urine microalbumin and serum creatinine concentration; examination every three months during pregnancy. Control goals: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio Men <2.5mg/mmol (22mg/g) Women <3.5mg/mmol (31mg/g) Urinary albumin excretion rate <20μg/min (30mg/24 hours) 5. Eye Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness in diabetic patients. About 10% of diabetic patients develop retinopathy 5-9 years after the disease; about 50% develop retinopathy 15 years after the disease. Diabetic patients should undergo fundus examination once a year and every three months during pregnancy. 6. Cardiovascular Cardiovascular disease is a major health threat in diabetic patients. Once chest tightness, chest pain, crushing pain or heaviness in the precordial area occurs, it is important to be alert for cardiovascular events, and many patients do not have typical chest pain symptoms. Patients with diabetes should be evaluated for risk factors for cardiovascular pathology at least annually. The assessment includes current or previous cardiovascular history, age, presence of abdominal obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia, family history, urinary albumin excretion rate, atrial fibrillation, and electrocardiographic status at rest.