Infantile eczema occurs in young infants, mostly during the first 1-3 months of life, and gradually resolves spontaneously after 1.5 years of age, with some children extending into childhood and some developing atopic dermatitis. Repeated episodes of skin damage, itching and secondary infections can seriously impair an infant’s quality of life. When people think of summer, they often think of beautiful images such as cicadas singing in the trees and fireflies. However, in the eyes of pediatricians, summer is a high season for infant eczema, and the cries of itchy babies often form the “background sound” of summer clinics. Infant eczema is a skin disease caused by a variety of internal and external factors and is closely related to metamorphosis. It occurs in small infants, mostly in the first 1-3 months of life, and gradually resolves itself after 1.5 years of age, with some children extending into childhood and some developing into atopic dermatitis. Repeated episodes of skin damage, itching and secondary infections can seriously impair an infant’s quality of life. The maturation of the immune system during infancy can be seen as a gradual shift from a Th2 dominant immune response to a Th1 dominant response. Repeated allergen stimulation early in life (in utero or early infancy) can delay the development of Th1 in infants, resulting in a state of persistent Th2 dominance and predisposition to allergy. Statistics show that maternal “education” is significantly associated with the development of eczema in infants. The “education level” refers to the mother’s knowledge of infant eczema. The higher the level of education, the lower the incidence of eczema. The advice of the doctor (patient education) is very important in this process. Pediatricians should educate young mothers about the basics of prevention and treatment, such as how to prevent the use of antibiotics during pregnancy, exposure to allergens during pregnancy, and how to care for and feed their babies appropriately after birth, so as to reduce the incidence of eczema. What external factors harm the baby? Although the foundation has been laid during pregnancy and cannot be repeated, external factors after birth can be avoided, and many factors can contribute to the increased incidence of eczema in infants. The role of ingestive allergens in the development and progression of eczema in infants has been confirmed: the risk of eczema is 1.6 times higher when different types of complementary foods are added within 4 months after birth compared to those who are not, and the risk of chronic recurrent eczema is increased. Therefore, breastfeeding should be promoted after birth, adhere to exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months, those who can not breastfeed should add hydrolyzed protein formula, and not add any kind of complementary food within 4 months. The role of inhalational allergens is not clear, but studies have shown that exposure to airborne allergens such as dust and pollen is low in children with infantile eczema. Frequent low-dose exposure to airborne allergens such as dust and pollen has the potential to induce immune tolerance, thereby reducing the incidence of eczema in infants. The choice of skin care products and detergents may be associated with the development of infant eczema and should be given attention in the daily care of the infant’s family to avoid triggering or aggravating infant eczema by their irritation. In addition, the increased rate of rash reactions in infants with eczema after vaccination may be related to the alteration of the body’s cytokine secretion status after vaccination, which affects the Th1/Th2 homeostasis. Therefore, it is important to observe the occurrence of adverse reactions such as rash after vaccination to see if there is a possibility of aggravating or triggering eczema in infants, and to take precautions. How to prevent and treat infant eczema Since most infant eczema is caused by food allergy, the prevention and treatment of eczema is to reduce allergen exposure on the one hand and stimulate the immune system to develop tolerance on the other hand, so probiotics have attracted more attention in recent years as a new type of immunomodulator. Probiotics can significantly reduce the level of IL-4 cytokine secreting cells and increase the IFNγ/IL-4 ratio, altering the Th1/Th2 balance in children with eczema. Studies have shown that the incidence of eczema in infants and children is reduced by nearly 78% when mothers take probiotics prophylactically during late pregnancy and/or after delivery. The content of Clostridium perfringens and bifidobacteria in infant eczema children is significantly higher and the content of bifidobacteria is significantly lower, while the normal children’s intestinal flora is dominated by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, so probiotic preparations containing mainly these two strains should be used, such as Pepcid (Bifidobacterium trituberculatum). In addition to the selection of strains (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis), the bulk form is also convenient for infants to take, preventing airway obstruction when swallowing, while taking into account the health and safety of infants.