Once the human body is infected with the hepatitis B virus and develops a chronic infection, the virus is difficult to eliminate and will affect the whole life. Hepatitis B virus infection is a global problem. 15-25% of people infected with the virus will eventually die from cirrhosis and liver cancer associated with the virus, which is a grim natural outcome.
What are the ways of transmission of hepatitis B virus?
1.Mother-to-child transmission.
2.Blood transmission such as blood transfusion.
3.Living in close contact (e.g., haircutting and shaving in barber stores with substandard disinfection, sharing toothbrushes, razors, oral treatment).
4, sexual transmission.
Hepatitis B virus is resistant to the external environment, antigenic stability at 37 ℃, 30-32 ℃ can survive for at least 6 months, in the used syringe, HBV can generally survive for 7 days.
But 100 ℃ direct boiling 2min, 121 ℃ high pressure 20min or 160 ℃ dry baking 1h can inactivate HBV, 0.1 potassium permanganate 2 ~ 5min, 1:4000 formalin 37 ℃ 72h, glutaraldehyde 10min, 0.5 peroxyacetic acid, bleach solution, sodium hypochlorite and ethylene oxide treatment can be completely inactivated HBV.
How often should hemodialysis patients be checked for a complete set of pre-transfusion? A complete set of pre-transfusion tests should be performed once every six months. Patients who are negative for both surface and c and e antibodies to hepatitis B are recommended to receive hepatitis B vaccination immediately.
Patients newly admitted to the hemodialysis unit should be checked once in 3 months to detect window period infection. Positive patients should have the appropriate syphilis TRUST, hepatitis B virus DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA tests, and suspected HIV infection should have a blood sample sent to the CDC for a confirmatory HIV test.
Who is suitable for hepatitis B vaccination?
Susceptible individuals (those who have not been infected with HBV) who are at high risk of HBV infection should receive the hepatitis B vaccine.
The main groups include.
1. all newborns and kindergarten children who have not received hepatitis B vaccine.
2.Infectious disease departments, dentistry departments, blood rooms, dialysis rooms and staff who are in frequent contact with blood.
3. new entrants to a group, such as newly enlisted soldiers and newly enrolled college students
4, those in the food service industry and childcare workers.
5.People with developmental disabilities, patients and staff in shelters.
6.Patients on hemodialysis.
7.Patients who use blood products.
8.Patients before organ transplantation; those who need long-term application of immunosuppressants
9, household contacts of hepatitis B virus carriers.
10.Injecting drug addicts; inmates in long-term correctional institutions.
What is the vaccination procedure for hepatitis B vaccine?
Hepatitis B vaccine is given in 3 doses of 20ug, according to the 0, 1, and 6 months procedure, i.e. after the first dose, the second and third doses are given at intervals of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns is given as early as possible, within 24 hours of birth.
The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral anterior thigh for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. For hemodialysis patients who are immunocompromised, a booster vaccination is required, i.e., four 40ug doses of hepatitis B vaccine according to the 0, 1, 2, and 6 month vaccination schedule.
How soon after the hepatitis B vaccination should I be retested?
You can be retested in 1-2 months.
What if antibodies are not produced after the hepatitis B vaccination?
1. Some people are late in producing antibodies, which is called delayed response. This can be done by adding 1 or 2 doses, or by revaccinating the vaccine and increasing the dose appropriately.
2.The immunization program of 0, 1, 2 and 12 months can be used.
3.A small dose of interleukin-2 should be given in combination with hepatitis B vaccination.
4. BCG vaccine or cowpox vaccine can increase the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine and can be used together.
After vaccination, how long does it take to get vaccinated again?
Those with hepatitis B surface antibody titers less than or equal to 10 IU/ml should be vaccinated within six months. Antibody titers greater than 10 IU/mL can be revaccinated within 6 years. Chinese medical practitioners recommend a booster within 3 years after immunization.
What are the hepatitis B treatment drugs?
The most commonly used anti-hepatitis B virus drug for hemodialysis patients is Boludin (entecavir tablets), followed by lamivudine, adefovir and tenofovir, none of which are cleared by regular dialysis. Tenofovir esters are cleared by high throughput dialysis.
What are the benefits and risks of dialyzer reuse?
Reusing dialyzers can reduce dialyzer first use syndrome, improve the biocompatibility of dialysis membranes, lead to a lower incidence of allergic reactions, and be more environmentally friendly.
The risk of infection, membrane breakage, disinfectant residue, and cross-infection (hepatitis B, C, syphilis, AIDS, etc.) associated with dialyzer reuse can be minimized by strictly following the operating protocols.