Pediatric anesthesiology, as a subdiscipline of anesthesiology, has received much attention from colleagues and has developed significantly in recent years. According to the anatomy and physiology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic and psychological characteristics of pediatric anesthesia: 1, the improvement of preanesthetic drugs and basic anesthesia and the application of preoperative psychological induction in pediatric anesthesia. 2. Anesthesia selection: diverse and reasonable. 3. Improvement of ventilation methods and techniques. 4. Clinical application of new anesthetic agents —– isoproterenol in infants and children 5. Strengthening the monitoring means in pediatric anesthesia. 6. Pediatric postoperative analgesia. 7. Other aspects: strengthen the means of monitoring in pediatric clinical anesthesia. I. Preoperative 1. Pre-anesthetic medication and improvement of basic anesthesia Special emphasis on pediatric preoperative psychological laboratory examination Outpatient surgery According to their experience, doctors at Canadian Children’s Hospital propose that preanesthetic hemoglobin examination can be unnecessary when operating on children over 5 years old, and because the effect of mild anemia on the safety of anesthesia is not yet known, anemia examination can also be unnecessary when performing minor surgery on healthy children. 2. Preoperative fasting (NPO) The limitation of fasting time is one of the biggest changes in pediatric anesthesia. The purpose of fasting is to keep the gastrointestinal tract empty to prevent vomiting and reflux during anesthesia, which can cause aspiration. In the past, prolonged fasting caused crying and agitation in children. Since the pediatric organism is metabolizing vigorously and losing body fluids quickly, fasting is likely to cause hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, and even acid replacement, and infants and children, especially those who are malnourished, poorly constituted, or in hot and humid weather, should be more concerned. Infants and children under 3 years of age can have milk and food 6 hours before surgery, and light drinks and water 2 hours before anesthesia, while those over 3 years of age can have milk and food 8 hours before surgery, and sugar water and juice 3 hours before surgery. It is important to note that these principles are for healthy children who are not at risk for delayed gastric emptying, but for safety reasons those who have delayed emptying still emphasize abstinence from water 8 hours prior to surgery. Studies have shown that healthy children have rapid gastric emptying, infants and children can still eat and drink milk 4 hours before anesthesia, and can drink water and beverages 2 hours before anesthesia, and there is no significant difference in the amount of gastric residual fluid and gastric fluid PH when compared with conventional fasting. It is generally believed that the critical level of aspiration is 0.4ml/kg of gastric residual fluid, PH 0.24~0.46ml/kg, PH: 1.8~2.2, both of which are >0.4ml/kg of gastric residual fluid, PH10kg is about 25ml./kg, in practice we set the Vtset at 10~12ml/kg, and the number of breaths F is 15~30 times/min with reference to pediatric patients. The number of respirations F is 15-30 times/minute for a small child. In practice, we set Vtset at 10-12ml/kg, respiratory rate F at 15-30 breaths/min for neonates, peak airway pressure Pp10kg, O2 flow rate 3.5l/min.