Five years ago, Siu Ling and her husband in the process of cohabitation accidentally pregnant, because not yet ready to plan for a baby, it was done abortion clearance, and because the first clearance is not complete, Siu Ling was forced to more than a week later to do a second clearance. 2 years ago Siu Ling suddenly found that their menstruation has become irregular, often late, and within half a year it has gradually developed into a non-medication does not come to menstruation. Siu Ling began to feel inexplicably worried, so lifted the contraception, also began to use ovulation pills, hoping to have a child as soon as possible. However, after several unsuccessful ovulation pills, Siu Ling came to the gynecological endocrinology clinic with anxiety, hoping to get a more standardized diagnosis and treatment. Doctors gave Xiaoling a vaginal ultrasound and found that the 28-year-old girl’s ovaries had shrunk, and no sinus follicles could be seen inside, which could be described as “a desolate place”; the bone density test suggested that Xiaoling suffered from osteoporosis. Siu Ling was diagnosed with premature ovarian failure and needed to undergo a hormone replacement cycle in order to maintain her femininity and prevent osteoporosis from worsening, or else she would age rapidly like a post-menopausal woman. As for conceiving the next generation, Siu Ling can only hope for IVF with borrowed eggs. Thinking of the baby that passed her by five years ago, Siu Ling burst into tears and regretted it. Premature ovarian failure has a prevalence of 0.9-3% in the population, with some cases starting for unknown reasons, and some cases caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumor treatment. Premature ovarian failure may be a distant concept to most women, but the decline in ovarian reserve is a phenomenon that is relevant to all of us. Although small, the ovaries have two important functions: reproductive and endocrine. The ovary is the key to maintaining female youth and its basic functional unit is the follicle, which contains the egg and secretes sex hormones that maintain the female body, sexual function, and the health of the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. The follicles in the ovaries are like a bank deposit given to every woman by her mother at birth, but the account is always open for withdrawals and not for deposits. A woman is born with about 700,000 follicles in both ovaries, and as follicles continue to undergo atresia and apoptosis, the number of follicles decreases to about 300,000 by puberty. Women of childbearing age have a group of follicles that begin to develop together during each menstrual cycle, however, only 1 follicle is eventually able to mature and ovulate, and all other follicles undergo atresia and apoptosis. Therefore, with each menstrual cycle, the number of follicles in the ovaries of female compatriots will decrease, until after menopause, only 1 to 2 thousand follicles remain in the ovaries. Many people think that regular menstruation = normal ovarian function, but in fact, the passing of youth is silent and unstoppable. The decline in ovarian reserve generally begins to accelerate steadily after the age of 35, and the earliest detectable sign is a shortening of the menstrual cycle. Thus, many young girls in their 20s find that their periods are always “late” by one week to half a month, while women in their 30s and beyond often find that their periods come “early”. Moreover, the quality of eggs will also decline with age, so after 35 years of age, pregnant women’s miscarriage, preterm delivery rate are higher than before 35 years of age. The “white-collar” group of modern women is getting bigger and bigger, and the pressure of education and work makes many women postpone their childbearing plans, and even if they have an unwanted pregnancy, they will terminate it through abortion or drug abortion, which induces chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases. In addition, environmental pollution also contributes to the decline of women’s ovarian reserve. All these factors have led to a significant increase in the incidence of infertility in modern society. In other words, the most important measure to prevent infertility and ensure the quality of offspring is to have children at the right time. Women of childbearing age can get an initial idea of their ovarian reserve through a simple vaginal or anal ultrasound during menstruation, and can also have blood drawn during menstruation to check for basic sex hormones, anti-mullerian hormones, and other indicators to assess to what point their life clock is ticking. If your ovarian reserve is declining, you should try to get pregnant as soon as possible, avoid exposure to harmful substances that can damage your ovarian reserve, and take vitamin C, vitamin E, or DHEA as prescribed by your doctor to prevent your ovarian reserve from declining at an accelerated rate. Perimenopausal women who know their ovarian reserve can also start hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as appropriate to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and protect their cardiovascular health. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant tumors can cause serious and irreversible damage to the ovaries, including chemotherapy for hematologic tumors and radiation therapy for pelvic and abdominal tumors, which are even more catastrophic to the ovaries. Happily, recent advances in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation technology have made it possible for us to preserve ovarian reserves for these patients, so that those who have recovered from malignant tumors can hopefully regain the luster of life. Therefore, patients with malignant tumors of childbearing age can evaluate their ovarian function before starting radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and take appropriate fertility preservation measures according to the condition of their tumors, in order to avoid facing the tragedy of premature ovarian failure at the end of the course of treatment. In addition, if one of the identical twins suffers from premature ovarian failure while the other has normal fertility and ovarian reserve, we can also restore her menstrual cycle or even her ability to conceive naturally by transplanting part of the latter’s ovarian tissue to the former.