What is pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorder

  In recent years, with the advancement of science and technology, clinical treatment methods have been improved, especially the popularity of gastrointestinal endoscopy, it has been found that many gastrointestinal diseases have normal endoscopic manifestations, and this category is considered to be functional gastrointestinal disease or dysmotile gastrointestinal disease, which has aroused great interest. Gastrointestinal dynamics is an emerging discipline, which used to be mainly conducted for basic research and used for scientific research. Currently, gastrointestinal dynamics has developed from basic research to clinical and its application is becoming increasingly widespread. With the development of society, many diseases of the digestive system have been found to be related to gastrointestinal motility disorders, and the incidence of these diseases is on the increase. At present, international and domestic research on functional gastrointestinal diseases and dysmotic gastrointestinal diseases is flourishing, but the research on pediatric gastrointestinal dysmotic diseases has started late.  1, modern medicine gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs research status Modern medicine in gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs research progress: so far, has been used in clinical gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs can be summarized as four generations. The first generation: tranylcypromine, which acts on muscarinic receptors and excites parasympathetic nerves. It has been eliminated due to side effects such as headache, abdominal pain and increased blood pressure. Second generation: Gastrodin, a dopamine receptor antagonist that increases acetylcholine release. Eliminated due to extrapyramidal symptoms (torsional spasms). Third generation: morpholine, a dopamine receptor antagonist, mainly acts on peripheral dopamine receptors, with fewer side effects compared to gastroflucan, and is more widely used clinically; however, it can still cross the blood-brain barrier in small infants, causing central side effects. Fourth generation: Cisapride (Prebux), mainly promotes the release of acetylcholine and excites the parasympathetic nerves, which has a stimulating effect not only on gastric but also on intestinal dynamics, and is a total gastrointestinal prokinetic drug. Although this drug does not have dopamine-related side effects and has a wider range of indications, some side effects have been found in clinical applications in recent years, especially in the United States, where it has been found that the drug can cause serious heart rhythm disturbances and even lead to death. Although not reported in China, Xi’an Janssen has also taken the initiative to stop the production of Prebios.  2.TCM understanding of pediatric gastrointestinal dysfunctional diseases Pediatric gastrointestinal dysfunctional diseases belong to the category of pediatric spleen and stomach diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux, functional dyspepsia, vomiting, non-infectious diarrheal disease, constipation, functional abdominal pain, etc.. These disorders are roughly equivalent to acid vomiting, cacophony, vomiting, stagnation, anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain in Chinese medicine. The main clinical manifestations are poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, belching, diarrhea, constipation, etc. [2]. In terms of etiology and pathogenesis, most of them are caused by imbalance of the spleen and stomach, loss of elevation, congestion in the middle jiao, qi stagnation, spleen qi sinking and stomach qi rebellion. Therefore, it is generally accepted that the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction is guided by the theory of elevation and declination of the spleen and stomach, and starts from regulating the elevation and declination of the qi of the spleen and stomach in children.  2.1 Re-understanding of the physiological functions of the spleen and stomach 2.1.1 The basic functions of the spleen and stomach: There is only one function of the stomach, i.e., to receive grain and food, and the clinical manifestations of the disease are no food, little food, or good hunger. Although this is the only one, but it is very important. The “Nei Jing” says that “those who get grain will prosper, those who lose grain will die”, which means that the ability to receive grain is closely related to human life and health. The function of the spleen is twofold: one is to help the stomach digest. The second is to transfer (or transport) the essence. As the ancients say, “the spleen can grind grain” and “the spleen disperses essence”. That is to say, after digestion of grains into fluid, gas and blood, irrigation and nutrition of the internal organs and limbs, this task is completed by the spleen.  2, 1.2 The spleen and stomach interrelationship: “Heshan medical case” said: “spleen to rise and fall as good, stomach gas to and fall as smooth”. The so-called lift, refers to the function of the internal organs, especially refers to the function of the gas. Spleen qi always rise, stomach qi always fall. The spleen rises is healthy, the stomach down is and. Na and transport, ascending and descending complement each other to form a balanced body. There are ascending and descending, qi can be harmonized, thus achieving a dynamic balance, the body can be healthy. On the contrary, if only ascending but not descending, or ascending more than descending less, the balance will be broken, and the body will get sick. This is also true for the nasal and transport, which is the normal state, but only the nasal and not the transport, or only the transport and not the nasal or the transport are all sick.  2.1.3 Physiological characteristics of the spleen and stomach in children: The spleen of children is often insufficient, the stomach is small and brittle, and does not contain much. In addition, children are at the stage of growth and development and require more nutrients than their immature spleen and stomach functions. This is one of the reasons why children are prone to spleen and stomach dysfunction. However, children have fewer organic diseases (except for congenital lesions) because of their vitality. In terms of treatment, Chinese medicine has fewer side effects, and children’s dirty qi is clear and responsive, which determines its advantages in the treatment of pediatric spleen and stomach diseases.  3, advantages of TCM in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunctional diseases Modern medicine has studied the mechanism of gastrointestinal dysfunctional diseases more deeply, but there has been little progress in treatment. Western prokinetic drugs have limited their clinical application due to obvious side effects and uncertain efficacy [1], especially prokinetic drugs suitable for pediatric patients are rare. It is well known that TCM has obvious advantages in the treatment of this type of diseases [3]. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that many treatments of TCM, prescription drugs have prokinetic effects. Common warming and stomach-warming drugs such as Radix et Rhizoma, Ginger, Nutmeg, Cao Guo, Atractylodes, Wu Yu, Clove, Gao Liang Jiang, Sichuan Pepper, etc.; qi-breaking drugs, including some stagnation-conducting drugs such as Qing Chen Pi, Mu Xiang, Sha Ren, Hou Pao, Citrus aurantium, Betel nut, Su Stem, Citrus aurantium, Cardamom, Fennel, Cyperus, Citron Bark, Hopi Bark, Rose Hip, Chai Hu, Hopi Flower, Clove, Shen Xiang, Descending Incense, Dagong Pi, Wu Yao, Rhubarb, Mannite, etc. In addition, some spleen-transporting and spleen-supplementing drugs, stomach-clearing and stomach-nourishing drugs, liver-clearing drugs, etc. all have certain prokinetic effects. In recent years, some herbal medicines have been studied in depth for their pro-motive mechanism, for example, it was found that mucuna pruriens can increase gastrointestinal contraction and promote gastrointestinal motility, which may be related to its promotion of gastrin secretion [4]; Atractylodes macrocephala is an important spleen tonic, which has been shown to improve gastrointestinal function, and fucoidan has the effect of protecting gastric mucosa and anti esophageal reflux [5].