Etiology and pathology of lumbar disc herniation: Chronic low back pain is one of the common diseases that threaten human health, and one of its main causes is lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. The intervertebral disc is one of the important components of the structural function of the lumbar spine. With age, the intervertebral disc gradually degenerates, the nucleus pulposus dehydrates, and the fibrous ring undergoes chronic injury, leading to disc herniation and compression of nerve roots, which can also lead to intervertebral space narrowing, followed by small joint lesions, leading to intervertebral dysfunction and causing lower back pain and radiated pain in the lower extremities. With the aggravation of degeneration, the stress gradually shifts to the periphery of the end plate and small joints of the vertebral body, causing degeneration of the end plate and small joints, leading to osteophytes (bone spurs), thus aggravating the intervertebral joint disorder and further aggravating the clinical symptoms, forming a vicious circle. Therefore, early detection and treatment of the disease is essential. Treatment Conservative treatment: For patients with early-stage disc herniation, most patients can be effectively relieved of clinical symptoms by conservative treatment, which includes physical therapy, bed rest, medication, etc. Surgical treatment: For patients whose conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical treatment is required. Traditional treatment methods include neural decompression plus titanium implant fusion, which can relieve clinical symptoms but lose the movement function of the spine, thus causing degeneration of the adjacent segments and producing clinical symptoms, so it is difficult to fundamentally solve the clinical problem with traditional methods. Artificial disc replacement: Artificial disc replacement is a technological revolution in the field of spinal surgery. It is an effective treatment for lumbar degeneration by removing the diseased nucleus pulposus and replacing it with an artificial prosthesis that can effectively decompress and restore normal spinal function, thus preventing degeneration of the adjacent segments. The advantages of artificial disc replacement include: 1. early movement on the ground, generally 48 hours after surgery, and no need to wear a peri-waist; 2. effective relief of clinical symptoms, as the operation can fully decompress and restore the function of the spine, so the postoperative symptoms can be completely relieved; 3. Compared with lumbar fusion, after disc replacement, the operated segment of lumbar spine retains mobility and has good function, so the long-term effect is good; 5. Improve the efficacy of surgery.