With the development of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, people are paying more and more attention to their health, and many people will have one or two health checkups every year. In the selection of physical examination items, blood glucose and urine sugar tests are often selected as one of them. But what is the normal blood sugar and urine sugar? And what are the criteria for diabetes?
The diagnosis of diabetes is extremely unreliable based on symptoms and urine sugar alone, as more than 50% of diabetic patients do not have obvious symptoms. Urine glucose tests are subject to false positives or false negatives due to various factors such as the renal glucose threshold.
And all kinds of diabetes have chronic hyperglycemia as the main change, so blood glucose measurement is the most reliable key indicator for diagnosing diabetes, but blood glucose is susceptible to dynamic changes due to various factors, so some comprehensive diagnostic measures have to be taken.
In 1997, after summarizing the scientific reports from various countries, the American Diabetes Association proposed the following new diagnostic criteria for diabetes, which have been used to date.
What exactly are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
The current criteria for diagnosing diabetes are any one of the following.
(1) Symptoms of diabetes (polydipsia, polyuria, unexplained weight loss) and random (any time after a meal, without deliberate failure to eat) intravenous blood glucose ≥ 11. 1 mmol/L.
(2) Venous blood glucose ≥ 7. 0 mmol/L measured after fasting (8 hours without food intake).
(3) Venous blood glucose ≥ 11. 1 mmol/L after 2 hours of oral glucose tolerance test OGTT.
(4) Non-fasting glycated hemoglobin HbA1C test value ≥ 6. 5%.
Because there are many factors affecting blood glucose, clinicians generally do not diagnose diabetes based on one fasting or random blood glucose higher than normal, but often need to do more than two tests or add an oral glucose tolerance measurement to help diagnose.
In the process of developing diabetes, there is a 10-year-long pre-hyperglycemic period during which there is type 1 diabetes that often has autoimmune symptoms present; while both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. During this period, the patient’s pancreatic beta cells are not functioning adequately or insulin utility is impaired, simply put, the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar is in trouble.
What are the specific problems?
First of all, fasting blood sugar is impaired IFG. During thousands of years of evolution, our ancestors had the possibility of not having enough food at any time, and our brain and nerve cells need a lot of glucose as a source of energy at any time, so the ability to regulate fasting blood sugar is very important to the body, and the ability to stabilize fasting blood sugar characterizes the ability of our body to regulate blood sugar.
When fasting, going to the hospital for testing is usually required for at least 8 hours.
A fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 is diagnosed as diabetes.
What is the normal fasting blood sugar for a person? It is fasting glucose < 6.1, which means that fasting glucose is impaired when 7.0 > fasting glucose ≥ 6.1.
Too high or too low blood glucose concentration is a disaster for body cells. After we eat a lot, the body must try to stabilize the blood glucose concentration within a suitable range in a short period of time, neither allowing the body cells to be under the duress of high blood glucose, nor must we try to avoid low blood glucose. So the second most important thing is the glucose tolerance reduction IGT, which characterizes the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar spikes.
On an oral glucose glucose tolerance test or 2 hours after a meal.
A blood glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 would be diagnosed as diabetes.
And what is the normal human glucose tolerance? It is a blood glucose concentration <7.8, which means that the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) is 7.8.
A blood glucose concentration of 11.1 > 2 hours ≥ 7.8 is impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) These two indicators are crucial in the development of diabetes.