Cholangiocarcinoma refers to malignant tumors that originate from the bile duct epithelium. Cholangiocarcinoma can occur in different parts of the biliary system, so they are clinically named as Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). Among them, ECC is named as proximal cholangiocarcinoma originating from the intersection of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct and distal cholangiocarcinoma originating from below this intersection. The anatomical localization of HCC includes malignant tumors originating from the left hepatic duct, right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and the confluence of the three, either unilaterally or bilaterally due to tumor progression involving grade I or II intrahepatic bile ducts. The main pathological type of HCC is adenocarcinoma, which often produces mucus. Rare types include adenosquamous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors. The incidence of HCC is low, but the high surgical difficulty and poor treatment outcome make it a hot spot and a difficult area for surgical treatment. Reviewing the treatment history of HCC in the past half century, there has been a great depth and improvement in both the knowledge of the biological behavior of the disease and the choice of surgical treatment and the treatment effect. The exact etiology of HCC has not been confirmed, and the cases seen clinically are more likely to be disseminated. Risk factors include primary sclerosing cholangitis, congenital bile duct cysts, bile duct stones and infectious diseases of the biliary tract. Close follow-up and timely treatment of these diseases may reduce the risk of bile duct malignancy in individual patients. Pre-cancerous lesions of bile ducts include bile duct intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary tumor and bile duct microscopic malformation tumor occurring in the hepatic hilar bile ducts, etc. When patients have combined clinical symptoms and relevant examinations suggest the possibility of such pre-cancerous lesions, they should be recommended to choose surgical treatment in order to achieve radical effect.