1.What are the barriers to recovery of motor function in post-stroke hemiplegic patients? Prolonged period of soft paralysis No random movements within 2 weeks of onset Severe spasticity Lack of movement outside of common motor patterns Sensory impairment 2.What are the treatments for post-stroke limb spasticity? Spasticity is the result of upper motor neuron injury and is characterized by an increased sense of muscle resistance associated with the rate of traction. Spasticity usually remains with the stroke recovery process and impairs functional movement. There are many ways to reduce post-stroke spasticity, such as the aforementioned good limb positioning, rhythmic muscle stretching, and removal of painful stimuli such as urinary tract infections and constipation. Other methods include: a series of inhibitory maneuvers, oral antispasticity drugs, neuromuscular blockade, intrathecal baclofen pump implantation, etc. 3. How to manage shoulder pain in post-stroke hemiplegic patients? About 70%-80% of stroke hemiplegic patients can develop shoulder pain, contracture and movement disorders. There are many causes of hemiplegic shoulder dysfunction, including shoulder subluxation, joint capsule adhesion (frozen shoulder), impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, brachial plexus pulling injury, shoulder-hand syndrome, bursitis and tendonitis, and post-stroke central pain. Treatment of shoulder dysfunction needs to be individualized, but the most basic approach is good limb position placement, continuous rhythmic stretching, control of spasticity, and motor relearning. Other treatments include upper extremity support, medication, physical therapy (e.g., warm and cold therapy), and intra-articular injections. 4.How to improve the dysfunction of stroke patients? Urinary incontinence can be directly caused by stroke, but it can also be caused by urinary tract infections, transfer to and from the toilet, aphasia or unawareness of bladder filling due to cognitive-perceptual dysfunction. Fecal accumulation in the bowel and some medications can also have side effects in this regard. Urinary incontinence can cause skin ulcers, social distress and depressive states. The most important treatment for stroke induced neurogenic bladder is the development of a bladder emptying schedule to compensate for the lack of self-control (e.g. intermittent catheterization). Other important measures are treatment of urinary tract infections, regular water intake, transfer and dressing training, patient and family education, and occasionally, patients needing medication. Urinary retention is relatively uncommon, but can occur in patients with diabetes-induced autonomic bladder or prostatic hyperplasia. Urinary retention can cause urinary tract infections, requiring catheterization, medication, and also treatment of primary genitourinary tract conditions.