It is one of the most typical precancerous lesions in oral mucosal diseases, especially the edge of tongue and tongue belly are more prone to cancer. White spots on the tongue can be classified into homogeneous type including wrinkled paper, plaque, etc. and non-homogeneous type including granular, warty, ulcerated, etc. It is found that granular, ulcerated and warty white spots may have high risk of cancerous tendency. The core problem in the treatment of leukoplakia of the tongue is the inhibition and reversal of abnormal epithelial proliferation. For cases with suspected malignancy, surgical excision and histopathological examination are still the first choice for clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, local surgical excision does not completely eradicate the risk of recurrence and carcinogenesis. Therefore, even if surgical treatment is used, regular postoperative review is essential. Meanwhile, fenvalerate and beta-carotene are effective in reducing the recurrence rate and preventing new organism damage and cancer after tongue leukoplakia excision; in addition, traditional Chinese medicine is effective in curing tongue leukoplakia. The cause of leukoplakia of the tongue is still unclear, but studies suggest that its development is related to long-term local stimuli such as tobacco and alcohol habits, Pseudomonas infection, human papilloma virus infection, and certain systemic factors, and the prevalence increases with the increase of smoking and alcohol consumption.