The clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are complex and varied, and can involve perception, thinking, emotion, volitional behavior, and cognitive function, etc. Symptoms vary greatly among individuals, and even the same patient may exhibit different symptoms at different stages or phases of the illness. The most prominent perceptual disorders are hallucinations, including hallucinations of hearing, vision, smell, taste and touch, and hallucinations of hearing are the most common. Thought disorders Thought disorders are the core symptoms of schizophrenia and mainly include thought form disorders and thought content disorders. Disorders of thought form are mainly manifested by disorders of thought association process, including disorders of thought association activity process (amount, speed and form), thought association coherence and logic. Delusions are the most common and important disorders of thought content. The most frequent delusions include delusions of victimization, delusions of relationship, delusions of influence, delusions of envy, delusions of exaggeration, and delusions of nonancestry. It is estimated that up to 80% of patients with schizophrenia have delusions of victimization. Delusions of victimization can manifest as varying degrees of insecurity, such as being watched, rejected, fear of being drugged or murdered, etc. Under the influence of delusions patients may engage in defensive or aggressive behavior. In addition, passive experiences are also more prominent in some patients and have an impact on patients’ thinking, emotions and behavior. Emotional disorders Emotional indifference and incoherent emotional responses are the most common emotional symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, emotional symptoms such as incoherent arousal, irritability, depression, and anxiety are also common. Will and Behavior Disorders Most patients have a reduced will or even a lack of will, as evidenced by reduced activity, isolation, passive behavior, lack of motivation and initiative, diminished interest in work and study, lack of concern for the future, and no clear plans for the future. Cognitive deficits There is a high prevalence of cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia, with approximately 85% of patients presenting with cognitive deficits such as information processing and selective attention, working memory, short-term memory and learning, and executive functioning. There is some correlation between cognitive deficit symptoms and other psychotic symptoms, such as cognitive deficit symptoms are more pronounced in patients with significant thought form impairment, cognitive deficit symptoms are more pronounced in patients with significant negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits may be associated with the production of certain positive symptoms. Cognitive deficits may occur before psychotic symptoms become explicit (e.g., prodromal phase), or decline sharply with the onset of psychotic symptoms, or decline gradually with the prolonged course of the illness, and it is tentatively believed that cognitive deficits are more pronounced in patients with chronic schizophrenia than in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.