Airway hyperresponsiveness refers to an overly strong or premature constriction of the airways in response to various irritants such as cold air and pollen, and is the pathologic basis for diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness is related to airway inflammation and neurologic factors. When the airway receives stimulation from various irritating factors, with the participation of a variety of inflammatory cells, inflammatory factors, etc., it can cause airway mucosal edema, which plays a role in smooth muscle contraction and airway hyperreactivity. Vagus nerve excitation can cause smooth muscle contraction, which can participate in the occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness. Airway hyperresponsiveness can be detected by bronchial provocation test and bronchodilator test to assist in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other diseases associated with airway hyperresponsiveness. If airway hyperreactivity is present, medical attention should be sought for appropriate management.