Both viralencephalitis and viral meningitis are acute intracranial inflammatory diseases caused by multiple viruses. Different types of diseases develop due to differences in pathogenic properties of the pathogen and the host response process. If the inflammatory process is primarily in the meninges, the clinical focus is on viral meningitis. When the brain parenchyma is mainly involved, viral encephalitis is the clinical feature. Most patients have a self-limiting course of disease.
A. What is the manifestation of viral encephalitis The first stage is often preceded by upper sensory or gastrointestinal symptoms, including fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Cumulative neurological symptoms may include severe headache, fever, vomiting, cervical tonicity, typical signs of meningeal irritation such as positive Kernig’s sign, occasional strabismus, diplopia, sensory disturbances, ataxia, asymmetry of tendon reflexes and positive pathological reflexes. In severe cases, symptoms of neurological damage such as lethargy may occur.
Second, how to treat The main treatment is symptomatic treatment, supportive treatment and prevention and control of complications. Symptomatic treatment such as painkillers for severe headache and mannitol for cerebral edema can be applied appropriately. Anti-viral treatment can significantly shorten the course of the disease and relieve symptoms. For herpes simplex virus and EBV, acyclovir is mostly used three times a day. Ganciclovir is the drug of choice for cytomegalovirus meningitis, twice a day.
Third, what complications can be caused by viral encephalitis 1, sporadic encephalitis with mental disorders, herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the elderly, sporadic encephalitis, forest encephalitis, epidemic B encephalitis 2, bronchopneumonia, mostly seen in heavy patients, in patients with reduced or absent cough and gag reflex and coma, prone to pneumonia. Pulmonary atelectasis can be caused when respiratory secretions cannot be discharged smoothly.
Bronchopneumonia: Bronchopneumonia (bronchopneumonia), also known as lobar pneumonia, is the most common form of pneumonia in pediatric patients. According to pediatric statistics from 16 units in China, bronchopneumonia accounted for 93.7% of 22,504 hospitalized cases of pneumonia, mostly in infants and children. Pneumonia mostly occurs in winter and spring and during sudden climate changes, but in some southern China, the incidence is higher in summer. Indoor crowding, poor ventilation, dirty air, more pathogenic microorganisms, pneumonia can easily occur. Bronchopneumonia can be caused by bacteria or viruses. The pathological changes are divided into two categories: general bronchopneumonia and interstitial bronchopneumonia. The former is mostly caused by bacteria, while the latter is predominantly viral. The clinical diagnosis of bronchopneumonia is often made in general terms. Based on the acute onset, respiratory symptoms and signs, the clinical diagnosis is generally not difficult. X-ray fluoroscopy, chest radiography, or bacterial culture of pharyngeal specimens and tracheal secretions or viral isolation can be done if necessary. Other pathogenic tests include antigen and antibody testing.
3, oral infection, oral ulcers can occur in patients who do not pay attention to oral hygiene and do not perform oral care.
4, oral ulcers: oral ulcers, also known as “mouth sores”, are superficial ulcers on the oral mucosa, the size of which can range from the size of a grain of rice to a soybean, round or ovoid, with a concave ulcer surface, surrounded by congestion. The ulcers are periodic, recurrent and self-limiting, and are usually found on the lips, cheeks and tongue. The etiology and causative mechanisms remain unclear. Causes may be local trauma, stress, food, drugs, hormonal changes and vitamin or trace element deficiencies. Systemic diseases, genetics, immunity and microorganisms may play an important role in its occurrence and development. Treatment is mainly local, but in severe cases systemic treatment is required. The ulcer can gradually heal itself without scarring after about 7 to 10 days. However, it can recur after an interval of varying length. The intermittent period can be 10-20 years or longer in long cases; in short cases, the ulcers can come and go throughout the year, which is very painful for patients.
5, other infections, sepsis and enteritis due to Staphylococcus aureus, urinary tract infections due to E. coli, etc.
6, sepsis: sepsis is a systemic infection caused by the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the blood circulation and grow and multiply in it, producing toxins, easily occurring in the case of reduced human resistance. The main clinical manifestations are chills, high fever, toxemia symptoms, rash, arthralgia, hepatosplenomegaly, infectious shock, and migratory lesions. The vast majority of cases have an acute course, are severe and have a poor prognosis. Nowadays, sepsis is further considered as a chain reaction process caused by the activation and release of inflammatory mediators after the pathogenic bacteria and their toxins and metabolites enter the bloodstream. This process, in clinical terms, can lead to dysfunction and failure of multiple organs throughout the body.
7, enteritis: enteritis is gastroenteritis, small intestine and colitis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Clinical manifestations include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dilute watery stools or mucopurulent stools. Some patients may have fever and a feeling of urgency, so it is also called infectious diarrhea. Common enteritis are the following categories: ulcerative colitis, fungal enteritis, ischemic colitis, rotavirus enteritis, chronic ulcerative colitis, pseudomembranous enteritis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis, etc.
8. Decubitus ulcers, which can easily occur behind the occipital bone and lumbosacral vertebrae in patients who have been bedridden for a long period of time and who do not pay attention to frequent position changes.
Decubitus: Decubitus, also known as pressure sores, is a condition in which blood circulation is blocked due to long-term local pressure on the body, causing blisters, ulcers or gangrene in the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to ischemia. The method of prevention is to avoid long-term local pressure and to turn over regularly, preferably once every 2 to 3 hours. Massage the pressurized area frequently, and if necessary, use a steam pad or sponge pad to pad up the pressurized area, especially the sacrococcygeal area. Move gently when moving the patient and avoid pushing and pulling the patient. Change the bed sheet frequently, keep the bed sheet clean, flat and dry. Remove urine and stool in a timely manner after defecation, and scrub with warm water to avoid local irritation and prevent the development of bedsores.