Cold: I. Common cold (common cold) commonly known as “cold”, also known as acute rhinitis or upper respiratory tract khat, with nasopharyngeal khat symptoms as the main manifestation. Most adults are caused by rhinovirus, followed by parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, echovirus, coxsackievirus and so on. The onset of the disease is rapid, with a dry, itchy or burning sensation in the throat at the beginning, and sneezing, nasal congestion, and clear watery nasal discharge at the same time or a few hours after the onset, which thickens after 2-3 days. It may be accompanied by sore throat, sometimes hearing loss due to Eustachian tube inflammation, and also lacrimation, dull taste, breathlessness, hoarseness and small amount of cough. There is usually no fever or systemic symptoms, or only low fever, malaise, mild chills and headache. Examination reveals congestion, edema and secretion in the nasal mucosa and mild congestion in the pharynx. If there is no complication, it usually heals after 5-7 d. Viral pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis can be clinically manifested as pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis depending on the inflammatory response caused by the anatomical site of infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract by the virus. Acute viral pharyngitis is mostly caused by rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, as well as enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. It is characterized clinically by an itching and burning sensation in the pharynx, and the pain is not persistent or prominent. When there is pain in the throat, it often suggests a streptococcal infection. Cough is rare. Fever and malaise may be present with influenza virus and adenovirus infections. Physical examination of the pharynx is markedly congested and edematous. Submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged and painful to palpation. Adenoviral pharyngitis may be associated with ocular conjunctivitis. Acute viral laryngitis is mostly caused by rhinovirus, influenza virus type A, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. The clinical features are hoarseness, difficulty in speaking, pain on coughing, often fever, pharyngitis or cough, physical examination shows edema and congestion in the larynx, mild enlargement and tenderness of local lymph nodes, and wheezing can be heard. Acute viral bronchitis is mostly caused by respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus. Clinical manifestations include cough, absence of sputum or mucus-like sputum, with fever and malaise. Other symptoms often include hoarseness and non-pleural subpleural pain. Dry or wet rales may be heard. x-ray chest radiographs show increased vascular shadowing and enhancement, but no pulmonary infiltrative shadowing. Influenza virus or coronavirus acute bronchitis often occurs as an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Herpes pharyngitis is often caused by coxsackievirus A. It presents with marked sore throat and fever and lasts about a week. Examination reveals a congested pharynx, with superficial ulcers on the soft palate, palatal lobe, pharynx and tonsil surfaces with grayish-white herpes, surrounded by a red halo. Most of the attacks occur in summer, mostly seen in children, occasionally in adults. 4. Pharyngeal conjunctival fever is mainly caused by adenovirus and coxsackie virus. Clinical manifestations include fever, sore throat, photophobia, lacrimation, and marked congestion of the pharynx and conjunctiva. The course of the disease is 4-6 d. It often occurs in summer and is spread during swimming. It is common in children. V. Bacterial pharyngeal-tonsillitis is mostly caused by Streptococcus haemolyticus, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus and Staphylococcus. The onset of the disease is rapid, with obvious sore throat, chills, fever, and a body temperature of 39°C or more. The examination shows obvious congestion in the pharynx, enlarged and congested tonsils with yellow dotted exudate on the surface, enlarged and painful submandibular lymph nodes, and no abnormal signs in the lungs. Menopause: I. Symptoms related to estrogen deficiency (a) Vasodystrophy syndrome: 75-85% incidence during 1-5 years after menopause. After double oophorectomy at <25 years of age, the incidence is 76% for 1 to 6 weeks. The vasodilator syndrome is a syndrome characterized by paroxysmal episodes of fever, flushing, spontaneous sweating and palpitations due to estrogen deprivation and vegetative nerve dysfunction. The flushing starts in the face, neck, and anterior chest and spreads to the lower abdomen, trunk, and extremities. The skin is vasodilated, flushed and congested, and the temperature rises, accompanied by headache, dizziness, palpitations, irritability, and dry mouth. To dissipate the heat, patients often undress, bare their arms, open windows, beat fans or go outdoors to expel the heat. The flush lasts for 3 to 4 minutes and then ends with sweating, vasoconstriction and return to normal body temperature. The attack cycle is 54±10 minutes. During nighttime attacks, the patient wakes up suddenly from a dream and sweats profusely, wetting the clothes, accompanied by insomnia and anxiety. The next day, the patient is in a trance and forgetful, with nausea, vomiting, dizziness and other discomforts. The mechanism of flushing: ① the hypothalamus preoptic area GnRH neurons and the adjacent thermoregulatory neurons (Thermoregulatory neurons) have direct synapses and neural connections, so changes in the function of GnRH neurons will affect the latter; ② postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, feedback caused by increased norepinephrine activity, which stimulates the release of GnRH activity through the nerve (2) postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, which feedback induces increased norepinephrine activity, thus stimulating the release activity of GnRH via neural connections and causing an active heateoss mechanism. Flushing episodes are associated with fluctuations in GnRH volatility and norepinephrine activity; (iii) decreased dopamine and β-endorphinergic activity in the central nervous system and hypothalamus. (B) Senile diseases of various organ systems 1. Degeneration of sexual characteristics and atrophy of sexual organs: vulvar dryness, loss of pubic hair, white lesions, vulvar itching, secondary infections, hypogonadism, bladder, rectal bulge, uterine prolapse, etc. Some women have hairy, seborrheic, acne and other masculine symptoms. 2, breast atrophy, sagging, nipple areola pigmentation loss: breast firmness is weakened, tissue soft collapse. 3, skin and mucous membranes: dryness, wrinkles, hair loss, hyperpigmentation and age spots, prone to skin diseases. Dry mouth, pharyngitis and hoarseness. 4, cardiovascular system: including hypertension, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, the incidence of embolic disease increases with postmenopausal age. The incidence of coronary heart disease in women ≤55 years old is 5 to 8 times lower than that in men of the same age. Second, the mental and nervous system Menopausal women are prone to mental depression, forgetfulness, obsessive-compulsive ideas, paranoia, emotional inversion, emotional instability, persecution delusions, anxiety, paranoia, abnormal feelings, self-perceived incompetence and anhedonia. Some of them are mania, delusional thinking and schizophrenia. Tumor-prone tendency Related to immune surveillance function and aging. According to statistics, the incidence of gynecological tumors increases with age, such as 219.93～245.39/100,000 for ≥40 years old, 433.82～450.45/100,000 for ≥50 years old, 770.84～782.14/100,000 for ≥60 years old, 1120.71～1129.90/100,000 for ≥70 years old, 1495.09～1657.08/100,000 for ≥80 years old. 1657.08/100,000 (New York State 1960). The peak incidence of cervical, corpus uteri, and ovarian cancers were all at the age of 40-60 years. Cervical invasive carcinoma ranged from 41.8 to 48.7 years of age (Noda 1983). Urological tumor sex ratio: M:F=1:0.6 at age ≤40 years, 1:1 at age 40-60 years, including kidney cancer 2:1 and urethral cancer 1:3-5, especially in women aged ≥50 years. Urinary system: urinary frequency, urinary urgency, tension or urinary acute incontinence (urgemt incontineuce). Urethral mucosal prolapse, urethral meatus, renal prolapse, pelvic-ureteral effusion and easy urinary retention and infection. V. Skeletal-muscular system Bone joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip and lumbar), ligaments, muscle atrophy, soreness, dysfunction, osteoporosis and susceptibility to fracture. See the section on osteoporosis for details. VI. Endocrine metabolic changes (a) Hyperlipidemia: manifested by increased cholesterol, LDL, TG, VLDL, and reduced HDL and HDL2, so it is prone to atherosclerosis and hypertension. (ii) Diabetic tendency: caused by decreased secretion of insulin by β-cells and increased insulin rejection by peripheral tissues. (iii) Edema: it can be mucinous edema, angioneurotic edema, or hypoproteinemia, malnutrition edema caused by hypothyroidism. (iv) Hypoimmune function: easily complicated by infection and tumor. Seven, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is significantly higher 10 to 15 years after ovariectomy. such as 45 to 55 years old cardiovascular disease sex ratio, female:male = 4.29:2.29; coronary heart disease 3.78:2.73; cerebrovascular disease 3.89:0.32. women are significantly higher than men of the same age. The incidence of osteoporosis was four times higher than that of men of the same age (Taro Tamada 1982). There was no significant difference in the incidence of natural menopause between the sexes from the age of 65. In menopausal patients younger than 40 years of age, coronary heart disease occurred earlier and the incidence was 2.4 times higher than that of non-menopausal patients of the same age. The earlier the premenopausal women had their ovaries removed, the earlier and more frequently the symptoms of ovarian detachment appeared, and the symptoms were obvious. In women <25 years of age who had their ovaries removed, symptoms of estrogen deficiency appeared 1-6 weeks after surgery, with an incidence of 76%, and in women ≥40 years of age who had their ovaries removed, symptoms appeared 6-18 months later. The incidence of secondary benign tumors in the preserved ovary was 13.7% and malignant tumors 8.2%, with an average of 5.8 years after surgery. In postmenopausal women, plasma T, A, and E are also reduced after ovarian resection, but the symptoms of hormonal shedding are not obvious. Based on the above analysis, a cautious attitude should be taken regarding the retention of benign ovaries in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Body aches and pains: Subhealth states are mostly characterized by body aches and pains, laziness, dizziness, and heavy legs. It feels as if nothing has been done, but it still feels so fatigued. And this fatigue is persistent and cannot be relieved for a long time. The limbs are hot and cold, sometimes red and sometimes white: it is common in reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by severe pain in the distal extremities with autonomic dysfunction. Symptoms often appear rapidly within a few hours after the injury, but may also appear gradually in the days or weeks after the injury and persist for weeks to years. The pain is characterized by the following features: burning pain, which can be intense with light touch or repeated mild stimulation, pain that is not proportional to the severity of the injury, and pain that lasts longer than the expected healing time. Pain in the affected limb is often accompanied by diffuse pressure and swelling, and manifestations of autonomic dysfunction, such as cold and hot, red and white, dryness or sweating. The lesions progress slowly, and atrophy and contracture of the skin and subcutaneous tissues appear in the advanced stage. Alternating hot and cold: This can be seen in many common diseases, such as influenza and malaria. Alternating hot and cold due to influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. Early symptoms include dry and itchy or burning sensation in the throat, sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and some patients may feel alternating hot and cold and have cold sweats. Typical malaria tends to be cyclical, manifesting as intermittent episodes of chills and fever. It is still necessary to rest as much as possible after a cold to create favorable conditions for the body's resistance, and to rely on drinking more water to eliminate toxins from the body. After recovering from a cold, it is also necessary to choose gentle exercise to allow the muscles and joints that have been resting for some time to have an adaptation process. Menopause prevention: 1, improve the level of self-care knowledge and self-care ability of menopausal women; 2, self-regulation of emotions, maintain a healthy psychological state; 3, reasonable nutrition, develop good eating habits; 4, participate in physical exercise to enhance physical fitness; 5, maintain a harmonious sexual life.