There are many types of genetic defects, for example, in those with a vulva close to female and unresponsive to testosterone stimulation, the testes should be removed as early as possible, raised as female, and given estrogen replacement therapy at puberty. In contrast, a vulva close to the male can be given high-dose testosterone replacement therapy and orthopedic surgery such as hypospadias repair and testicular fixation. Such patients are usually infertile and can therefore be fertilized by artificial insemination through human sperm banks. Incomplete testicular feminization syndrome due to a common androgen receptor gene defect requires specific treatment on a case-by-case basis.