1.Cortical resection of cerebral hemispheres: Patients with obvious history of perinatal brain injury, manifesting as hemiparesis, reduced or even complete loss of hand function, mental retardation, irritability, impulsive behavior, destruction of objects, frequent seizures, and almost complete failure of medication.CT or MRI examination reveals complete atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere or enlarged ventricles (large foramen ovale), indicating that the lesioned brain has been completely Degeneration and must be removed. This procedure may sound intimidating, but it is actually a “clean sweep” of the patient’s brain. In 88% of patients with epilepsy, symptoms disappear completely in 77% of cases, and only 4.5% of patients do not improve, mostly because of late diagnosis. 2. Temporal lobectomy on one side: Suitable candidates for this procedure are those who have mild seizures, such as complaints of sudden difficulty seeing and smelling a strange smell; or suddenly getting up from bed and walking outside, but with mostly unimpaired consciousness. Sometimes it can also manifest as unexplained fear, anxiety, slowness of speech, emotional indifference, and reduced activity After multiple EEG examinations, the epileptogenic focus is confirmed to be located on one side, and a limited lesion is confirmed by CT or MRI. The procedure can result in improvement of epilepsy in 80-90% of patients. However, if the epileptogenic focus exceeds the range estimated preoperatively or intraoperatively, the surgical result is less satisfactory. 3. Cortical epileptogenic lesion excision: The procedure is suitable for patients aged 5 years or older who have frequent seizures that affect their daily life and work. The lesion is located in the cerebral cortex, with clear localization and consistent with clinical manifestations, EEG and EEG topography. The seizures could not be controlled despite regular drug treatment. The lesion causing epilepsy is not located in the important functional areas of the Cosmos. The total efficiency of this procedure is about 85%. Like cerebrovascular malformation sometimes develops to the whole cerebral hemisphere, it is extremely difficult to remove the lesion completely, therefore, this surgery can only reduce the number of seizures or supplement with a small amount of medication to control them, however, this surgery is the one with the best results in treating epilepsy. 4. Multiple subchoroidal transverse fiber resection: The surgery is to cut off the subchoroidal tissue structure of the brain: but it does not affect the function of nerve cells to conduct information, therefore, it will not cause hemiplegia or monoplegia, etc. This surgery is indicated for: intractable grand mal seizures, EEG showing severe and extensive abnormalities in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres, or CT examination showing extensive atrophy of the cerebral hemispheres with multiple epileptogenic areas. The epileptogenic foci are located in important functional areas of the brain, such as motor centers, speech centers, etc. Cerebral hemiplegia with infantile seizures. The efficiency of this procedure is about 88%. 5.Callosotomy: The corpus callosum is an important structure in the brain, which connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Medical experts have researched that cutting off the low body of the pie can stop the firing pathway from one hemisphere to the other, thus also limiting the development of epilepsy. The procedure is indicated for, drug-dependent intractable epilepsy, where the epileptogenic focus cannot be shown exactly after special examinations such as CT and MRI. Certain patients with severe hemispheric disruption or cortical hypoplasia. After surgery, 60% of the seizures are reduced and 40% are only slightly improved or ineffective, but the patient can show muteness, difficulty in understanding and urinary incontinence after surgery, and most of them can be relieved on their own after a period of time, therefore, the procedure should be strictly controlled for its indications. 6.Brain stereotactic surgery: It is the application of a special brain stereotactic instrument, a special instrument such as radiofrequency needle electrode, into the main subcortical epileptogenic parts of the brain, stereotactic surgical excision, so as to control the seizures. The procedure is effective for almost any type of epilepsy and is mainly indicated for people with multiple foci of epilepsy or extensive seizure activity in both hemispheres. The epileptogenic foci are confined to one hemisphere and there is no limited organic brain damage. The epileptogenic foci are located in important functional areas of the brain. The procedure is effective in about 40% of cases, and 60% have no improvement, and many patients require reoperation. 7. Cortical electrocoagulation and thermal cautery of functional brain areas: Cortical electrocoagulation and thermal cautery is a thermal injury surgical technique aimed at destroying epileptic foci, blocking the propagation of abnormal point electricity, and reducing seizures associated with the epileptic cortex. The mechanism is the same as that of multiple subchoroidal transverse fiber dissection for epilepsy, i.e., the horizontal fibers within layers I-III of the cerebral cortex are damaged by the thermal energy released from the temporal tip of the bipolar electrocoagulator, thereby cutting off the pathway for abnormal epileptic discharges to spread like the surrounding normal cortical synchronization and alleviating seizures. Currently, cortical electrocoagulation and thermal cautery have been applied in many hospitals in China, and it is commonly believed that the combination of cortical electrocoagulation and thermal cautery with other procedures is an effective measure for the treatment of epilepsy.