Everyone desires to have a white and lustrous skin, but many people suffer from facial pigmentation spots. According to statistics, the incidence rate of congenital pigmented diseases in China is as high as 10%, such as freckles, coffee spots, nevus of Ota (black face), moles, etc.; chloasma, zygomatic spots (zygomatic nevus of brown-green color), age spots, warts, and other acquired pigmented skin diseases have a higher incidence rate. And the incidence of skin vascular diseases such as hemangioma, bright red nevus, capillary dilatation is not low. These diseases plague people’s life, employment, marriage and psychology. What is pigmentation? Skin color is determined by melanin in the basal layer. Pigmentation is hyperpigmentation due to impaired melanin excretion. Ultraviolet radiation will stimulate the production of excessive melanin, when excessive ultraviolet radiation on the skin, it will stimulate the activity of tyrosinase (black spot enzyme), it will start the basal layer of melanin production reaction, so that the tyrosine in the melanocytes through a series of chemical reactions into melanin, and these melanin will enter the surrounding keratinocytes to protect our dermis, but when a large amount of melanin production, the skin will become darker. Our skin will become darker, and when the excessive melanin gathers together it produces pigmentation! Types of pigmented spots 1. Freckles are light brown or dark brown dotted pigmented spots commonly found on the face, especially on the nose and cheeks. It is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, mostly appearing in early childhood, and the rash is aggravated before and after puberty. Freckles are mostly seen in females, which are round, ovoid or irregular in shape, usually less than 5px in diameter, with smooth surface and clear demarcation, deepening in color and increasing in number after sun exposure. Therefore, it is often aggravated in spring and summer and reduced in fall and winter, and usually has no self-conscious symptoms. Chloasma Chloasma is a pigment proliferation skin disease commonly seen in young and middle-aged women. The cause of the disease is still unclear, and it may be related to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, drugs, cosmetics, heredity, trace elements, liver diseases and ultraviolet rays. Its main manifestation is the appearance of pigmented spots of different sizes and shapes on the facial skin. The color is mostly light brown, yellowish brown, but also coffee or light black. They are usually distributed symmetrically around the eyes, forehead, cheeks and cheeks, next to the nose and around the mouth and lips, butterfly-shaped, with clear borders, smooth surface skin, painless and itchy, and no dandruff. The color deepens after ultraviolet irradiation in summer and decreases in winter. 3.Brownish green spot is also called temporal zygomatic brownish green spot. It is a rash formed by several brown or dark brown spots clustered into a group and distributed symmetrically on the zygomatic or temporal zygomatic area. As the disease progresses, the color and size of the rash gradually deepens and worsens. The cause of this disease is complex, and may have a certain relationship with heredity. It is also related to bad cosmetics (such as heavy metal lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.). At the same time, it may be related to gynecological diseases, ovarian dysfunction and mental factors. 4, nevus of ota, the wave and sclera and by the trigeminal nerve innervation of the facial skin greenish-brown patchy damage. It is also known as brownish-bronze nevus of the palate of the eye. The cause of this disease is still unknown and may be caused by autosomal dominant inheritance. The lesions are pale greenish, grayish-basket, brownish-blue to blue-black or yellowish-brown patches or dense spots, and the edges of the patches often fade. The spots are distributed in clusters, varying in density, or the center is a patch and the edge is a spot. The most common areas of involvement are periorbital, frontal, forehead, zygomatic, temporal and nasal wings, which correspond to the areas where the first and second branches of the trigeminal nerve are distributed, with a unilateral distribution, and occasionally bilaterally. About two thirds of the patients with the same side of the sclera blue stain. 5, coffee spot for hereditary skin disease. It is light brown to dark brown spots or patches, like a mixture of coffee and milk color, so it is also called milk coffee spot. Similar to freckle-like spots to 500px or larger, round, ovoid or irregular shape, clear boundary, smooth surface, can appear at birth, can also appear a little later after birth, and increase in the whole childhood to increase, can occur in any part of the body, do not fade away, more than 90% of neurofibromatosis patients with cafe au lait spots. 6, Age spots are called seborrheic keratosis in medicine. It is the most common benign epidermal hyperplastic tumor for the elderly, and the cause is unknown. The etiology is unknown. It may be related to sun exposure and chronic inflammatory stimulation. If it occurs on the face, back of hands, chest, back and other places, it starts with one or more yellowish or light brown flat papules, round. Oval or irregular shape, clear boundaries, granular surface. Slowly increase in size, thickening, the number increases, the color becomes darker, brown, or even black papules or plaques. 7. Hyperpigmentation spots Mostly occurs after local physical factors stimulation, such as trauma, laser, freezing, topical drugs or acne treatment, mosquito bites, local flea scratches and so on. Hyperpigmentation is mostly light brown, purple-brown to dark black. Generally a few weeks to a few months can subside on their own, there are also continue for several years does not recede. How to maintain the skin with pigmentation? 1, you can choose laser to remove spots: different pigmented spots have different responses to laser, some are suitable for laser treatment, while some have poor response to laser. Before choosing laser spot removal, patients should go to dermatologist to confirm the type of pigment spots, and then go to skin laser cosmetic center to know the type of pigment spots, the number of treatments needed and the effect after treatment, etc., and then decide whether to use laser to remove the spots or not. Generally speaking, nevus of Ota (dark face), freckles, zygomatic spots (zygomatic brown-bronze nevus), age spots, and age warts are extremely effective. However, pigmentation, melanosis, hairy epidermal nevus (Becker’s nevus), etc. have great individual differences in response to laser treatment, and the number of laser treatments is not certain, so you can do localized experimental laser treatment first. 2, like chloasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, etc. can be used internally and externally, medical skin care products and other conservative treatments. 3.Sun protection! Because pigmentation is most afraid of sunshine. Exposure to sunlight or excessive exposure to X-ray and ultraviolet rays can promote the disease and aggravate it. Even fluorescent lamps used for indoor lighting can aggravate pigmentation due to stimulation of ultraviolet rays, so it can be considered that pigmentation is a kind of physical damage skin disease. Sun exposure can increase melanin activity, resulting in increased melanin content in the basal layer of the epidermis and the formation of pigmentation. 4. Prevent various ionizing radiation! Including all kinds of glass-shell display, all kinds of fluorescent lamps, X-ray machines, ultraviolet irradiators and so on. These bad stimuli can produce similar consequences of strong sunlight irradiation, even greater than the damage of sunlight irradiation, which results in the aggravation of pigmentation. 5. It is forbidden to use “quick spot removal cream” which contains hormone, lead, mercury and other harmful substances, because there are too many side effects! It can cause hundreds of side effects! Lead to the aggravation of pigmentation. 6, taboo long-term use of scrub products, the use of the skin seems very soft, in fact, has destroyed the natural first protective barrier “stratum corneum”, although the stratum corneum is commonly known as the dead skin, but its biggest role has two, first: to protect the skin should not lose moisture and external aggression; second: with the role of water absorption. 7, oil-control products should be used in moderation, water-oil balance is the most scientific basis, do not just control oil, to understand our skin physiological laws. 8, choose safe products, hydration and regulation of endocrine is the most critical first step.