Malignant tumors are the number one killer of human health. Currently, chemotherapy is still its main treatment. Modern chemotherapy for malignant tumors has a history of about 60 years. Over the past 60 years, the treatment of malignant tumors has been painstakingly explored, and many successful treatments have emerged; however, most of the treatments tend to have only transient responses, and patients eventually cannot escape from drug resistance and treatment failure. With the emergence of new chemotherapeutic agents, attempts have been made to improve the prognosis of patients with malignant tumors by increasing the intensity of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, this treatment concept has only given a few diseases such as malignant lymphoma and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia a chance to be cured, while most malignant tumors, despite the recent improvement in efficacy, are accompanied by toxic side effects such as bone marrow suppression, severe gastrointestinal reactions and damage to all major organs, especially the serious decline in immune function, which lay the foundation for the recurrence and even accelerated development of malignant tumors in the future. It can be said that advanced malignant tumors can be treated as a result of the treatment. It can be said that the treatment of advanced malignant tumors is experiencing an unprecedented embarrassment. Gatenby R.A. wrote in the authoritative journal Nature that “…attempts to eradicate cancer may actually accelerate tumor resistance and recurrence, and…controlling tumor growth is more costly than eradicating it. of eradicating tumors with higher efficiency” [1]. Therefore, the concept of oncology treatment is facing a shift from tumor eradication (radical chemotherapy) to tumor control (controlled chemotherapy). Of course, this change in philosophy does not exclude the practice of implementing radical chemotherapy for certain curable tumors such as malignant lymphoma and seminomatous cell tumors. The so-called radical treatment concept refers to the previous (including the current treatment concept of some scholars) concept of trying to achieve the maximum degree of killing tumor cells and thus curing tumors by increasing the types and doses of chemotherapy drugs; while the controlled treatment concept refers to the appropriate reduction of chemotherapy intensity, while strengthening the protection of organ/tissue functions, especially the protection of immune system functions, so as to maximize the To improve the quality of life and prolong the survival of tumor patients. Under the concept of controlled therapy, a model of chemotherapy called “adaptive therapy” has emerged. Silva AS et al. demonstrated the feasibility of this treatment model by constructing relevant mathematical models and animal experiments. In the short term, this treatment is apparently slower in tumor shrinkage and less severe than radical chemotherapy, but due to less damage to the organism, not only the quality of life of patients is higher, but also the survival time is prolonged compared with radical chemotherapy. In recent years, the author has tried this treatment concept in clinical practice and obtained excellent results. For example, in a patient with advanced gastric cancer with liver metastasis, we used the strategy of adaptive chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy to obtain a survival of nearly 5 years, and the patient’s quality of life was not significantly affected. Another patient with lung metastasis, liver metastasis, and brain metastasis from breast cancer used a strategy of endocrine therapy, brain radiotherapy, and low-dose chemotherapy to achieve an even longer survival of 14 years. Therefore, the concept of controlled therapy is a worthy treatment concept.