Esophageal cancer can be typed according to pathological histology, which can be classified into squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumor and many other different types. In addition, according to morphology, it can be classified into cryptogenic, vesiculobullous, plaque and papillary, medullary, myxoid, ulcerative, retractile, intraluminal and undetermined types. Referring to WHO classification of digestive system tumors, esophageal cancer can be classified according to pathohistology, which can be divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, complex small-cell adenocarcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and other different types. According to morphology, early esophageal cancer can be classified into cryptogenic type, erosive type, plaque type and papillary type according to its morphology; and the pathological morphology of middle- and late-stage esophageal cancer can be classified into medullary type, mycotic umbrella type, ulcerative type, constricted type, intraluminal type and undetermined type. As the aggravation of esophageal cancer will lead to the damage of other organs and tissues in the patient’s body due to the metastasis of malignant tumor cells, which does not exclude the possibility of endangering the life, so it should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. If there is any abnormal symptom in daily life, patients should seek professional help in time.