Cancer, which has both surgical and medical treatments, should be recognized as a disease from both perspectives by both doctors and patients. Only in this way can doctors not overemphasize their own professional strengths to the detriment of others’ professional weaknesses; and patients will have sufficient knowledge to choose the mode and sequence of treatment. Only in this way can we avoid the strange circle of “surgeons accept it and then operate, physicians accept it and then chemotherapy, radiotherapists accept it and then radiation therapy, and interventionalists accept it and then interventional therapy”. The Role of Scalpel Surgical treatment of tumors is one of the oldest and most commonly used clinical treatments, and its therapeutic effect has been recognized. With the development of medical science, the organs involved in surgery can be said to be everywhere. From the skull to the soles of the feet, tumors in all organs of the body can be treated by surgery. However, more and more surgical experts now realize that malignant tumors are actually local manifestations of a systemic disease, and it is difficult to cure them completely by the scalpel alone. Some tumors may recur or metastasize even though radical surgery is performed at an early stage. Whether the tumor can be cured depends largely on the biological characteristics of the tumor itself and the immune function of the patient’s body. Surgical treatment mainly solves local problems, in fact, 60%~80% of tumor patients need surgical treatment: radical surgery, emergency tumor diagnosis, symptomatic relief, etc. The so-called “radical surgery” is the most effective way to solve local problems. The so-called “radical surgery” is a surgery that aims to eradicate the disease, and it is applied to the early stage of the tumor, where no clear metastasis has been found. The definition of radical surgery varies in different generations. Take lung cancer as an example. A few decades ago, doctors believed that the more the surgery removed, the better the outcome. For example, total lung resection was the so-called “radical surgery”. However, the disadvantages of total lung resection are obvious. As a result, many early so-called “radical surgery” patients still have recurrence and distant metastasis after surgery, and their long-term survival has not been prolonged. In recent years, the principle of lung cancer surgery emphasizes “maximum resection of lesions and maximum protection of lung function”, and it is believed that as long as the lung cancer lesions are “completely” resected, it is “radical surgery”. “, the requirement of which is that the cutting edge is not visible to the naked eye and microscope of the tumor. It is obviously a misunderstanding that “surgical treatment of tumor is resection of tumor organ” and “preserving life by sacrificing organ function”. Limitations of scalpel It is well known that cancer cells can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to all parts of the body, which is an important sign of malignant tumors. This is an important sign of malignant tumor. Clinical statistics show that more than 80% of tumor patients die from invasion and metastasis. If the tumor has no invasion and metastasis, such as dozens of pounds of ovarian cysts and lipoma, once resected, the patient will recover completely. However, lung cancer less than the size of a duck’s egg often kills people, which is due to the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. It is generally believed that invasion and metastasis are closely related and are two stages of a process, with invasion being the prelude to metastasis and metastasis being the continuation and development of invasion. Therefore, if the tumor is found to have invaded the surrounding area at the time of surgery, it means that there is a possibility of distant metastasis after surgery, and it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results no matter how far the surgery is expanded. This is why multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment must be emphasized. In addition to surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and other means need to be imposed to keep the cancer from recurring and distant metastasis. Regardless of the choice of treatment options, it should be ensured that the tumor can be maximally resected or suppressed and eliminated, and the physiological functions of the body can be maximally protected, so as not to lose sight of one or the other. Principles of Surgery When a surgical oncologist operates on a patient, he or she will explain to the patient the principles, advantages and disadvantages of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy and other new treatment modalities, and work together with other surgeons to design a specific treatment plan. What kind of patients are suitable for surgery? Specifically, there are the following principles: (1) To stage the tumor as correctly as possible before surgery, to fully estimate the possibility of surgical resection, and to judge whether it is radical or palliative resection. (2) Give full consideration to the relationship between function and injury. Under the premise of achieving radical treatment, the shape and function should be made as normal or close to normal as possible. (3) Choose the best comprehensive treatment plan after surgery to improve the survival rate. (4) For patients with advanced tumors, palliative surgery can be considered to improve the quality of life, prolong survival and provide conditions for other treatments.