For the treatment of diabetes, we advocate the “five-horse” principle. The five carriages refer to the fact that diabetes is not a single treatment, but a comprehensive treatment. The five horses include: diet, exercise, medication, education and self-monitoring. Diabetes education is known as “therapeutic education”, which not only helps to establish a good psychological state and lifestyle, but also enables patients to detect diabetes early, learn about it, and master the basic skills to control it, thus improving their quality of life.
How to achieve a balanced diet? Diabetic patients must have lifelong dietary control.
The purpose of diet therapy is to stabilize blood glucose, control the disease, maintain ideal weight, and to achieve a balanced diet.
2. Principles of diet therapy: control total calories, balance diet, choose diversified and nutritionally reasonable food, eat small amount of meals, eat regularly and quantitatively, and do not smoke.
①Control the total energy in the diet: control the main consumption appropriately, advocate the use of coarse rice, flour and moderate amount of mixed grains, and limit sweet food.
②Get high quality protein from meat, fish, eggs, milk and soybean products, and restrict soybean products for those with diabetic nephropathy.
③ Diet should be light, low salt, low fat diet: the amount of salt should not exceed 5 grams / day. Avoid fatty foods and fatty meats, such as animal fat, fried foods, cream cakes, etc. Avoid foods with high cholesterol content, such as animal offal, egg yolk, fish roe, crab yolk, etc. Nuts such as peanuts, walnuts, pine nuts, etc. contain more fat is best to eat less.
Fresh vegetables and fruits, especially dark vegetables and fruits, can provide rich vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, and vegetables can be eaten appropriately, tomatoes and cucumbers can be used as hunger food; more seaweed, mushrooms, fungus, garlic and other foods have cholesterol-lowering effects. When the blood sugar control is better, you can eat fruits in limited amount, 200g per day, you can choose apples, pears, peaches, oranges, grapefruit, strawberries and so on. Be careful not to choose fruits with sweet taste. When blood sugar control is unsatisfactory, do not eat fruits temporarily.
⑤ Increase the intake of dietary fiber: 25-30g daily, which can slow down the absorption of blood sugar and blood fat, keep the bowel movement smooth, and reduce the feeling of hunger. Promote the consumption of green leafy vegetables, beans, root tubers, coarse grains, fruits with low sugar content, etc.
(6) Eat regular and quantitative meals and balanced meals. Regular and quantitative meals are conducive to blood sugar stability and can avoid hypoglycemia. The diet content of three meals should preferably be a combination of main and side dishes, with meals containing carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Try to reduce or not to attend banquets and other social functions.
(7) Limit alcohol consumption and do not limit water consumption. Drinking the right amount of water facilitates the discharge of metabolites and the dilution of blood sugar in the body. Alcohol contains high calories, 1g of alcohol produces 7kal of heat, does not contain other nutrients, and increases the burden on the liver, drinking alcohol on an empty stomach is prone to hypoglycemia, especially when injecting insulin or taking oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs, should avoid drinking alcohol on an empty stomach. If you cannot avoid it, you should try not to drink white wine and drink a small amount of beer and fruit wine with low alcohol concentration.
3.Make recipes
(1) The first step: calculate the standard weight. That is, use a person’s height minus 105 = the person’s standard weight (kg). Where the actual weight in the standard weight of 10% above and below the range is normal, > 20% for obesity, < 20% for wasting.
(2) Step 2: Calculate the total daily calorie requirement. Our daily calorie requirement depends on four factors, namely height, body type, labor intensity and age. Total calories required for the whole day (kcal) = standard body weight x daily caloric supply. Note that for people over 50 years of age, the total calorie requirement should be reduced by about 10% for each additional 10 years.
(3) Step 3: Calculate the number of servings of food exchange throughout the day Any food that produces 90 kcal is called an exchange. We must eat the following 4 major food groups every day.
①Cereals and potatoes: i.e. cereals and potatoes. 1 serving weighs about 25 grams (half a tael).
②Vegetables and fruits: 1 serving of vegetables weighs about 500 grams (1 pound) and 1 serving of fruits weighs about 200 grams (4 taels).
③ meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs, beans: 1 part of meat and eggs about 50g (1 two) part of soybeans about 25, 1 grams (half two).
④ Fats and oils: 1 serving of fats and oils is about 10 grams, 1 serving of nuts is about 15 grams.
(4) Step 4: Find out the proportional distribution of various types of food and rationalize the distribution of three meals a day. The most common distribution scheme for three meals a day is 1/5 for breakfast, 2/5 for lunch, 2/5 for dinner or 1/3 for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
(5) Step 5: Choose and exchange foods according to your habits and preferences. When exchanging foods, note that
(1) staple food cereals and potatoes can be exchanged freely within
(2) Fruits are high in sugar, so they should not be exchanged with vegetables. Patients with good blood sugar control can exchange one serving of fruit with one serving of staple food
(3) Meat, eggs, fish, poultry and soy products can be exchanged. For example, 60 grams of eggs (about 1 large egg), 50 grams of chicken, 80 grams of fish, 50 grams of lean meat, 100 grams of tofu, and 50 grams of dried tofu are each one exchange portion and can be exchanged. However, it is not advisable to exchange 50 grams of lean meat for 25 grams of white flour, as this will result in a nutritional imbalance.
④ Nuts such as peanuts, melon seeds and cashew nuts are high in fat and can be consumed in small amounts, but reduce the intake of cooking oil.