Inguinal hernia is a surgical disease in which an intra-abdominal organ or tissue protrudes through a weak point or aperture in the inguinal region to the surface of the body and forms a mass in the inguinal region as the main manifestation of the inguinal region, which is divided into inguinal hernia and inguinal hernia according to the site where the hernia contents protrude. The incidence of pediatric inguinal hernia is high, ranging from 0.8% to 4.4%, with an even higher incidence of 4.8% in immature children, and a male to female ratio of about 15:1, with the right side being the most common, and bilateral cases accounting for 15% of children with inguinal hernia. Almost all pediatric inguinal hernias are hiatal hernias. (A) etiology, pathology, pediatric inguinal hernia occurs with the spermatic cord or uterine round ligament across the abdominal wall and testicular descent is closely related. During embryogenesis and development, the male testis gradually descends from the retroperitoneum and passes out of the inner ring into the scrotum, a process that is not completed until the embryo is 8 months old, and at the same time pushes the peritoneum at the inner ring into the scrotum to form the peritoneal sheath protrusion, and the portion that enters the scrotum forms the intrinsic sheath of the testis. During normal development, the sphincter gradually atrophies and closes without leaving a lumen around the time of birth, but this process still takes up to 6 months after birth in some children. Some studies have reported that the syrinx is unclosed in 90% of children at birth and gradually closes with age, but the syrinx is still unclosed in 57% of children 1 year after birth. In some factors such as frequent crying, forceful urination and defecation, coughing, etc., the intra-abdominal pressure rises, so that intra-abdominal organs or tissues protruding from the inner ring to form an inguinal hernia, due to the right side of the boy’s testis descending slower than the left side, the sheath protrusion closure time is also later than the left side, and thus the incidence of boys with right-sided inguinal hernia is higher than that of the left side. （The main clinical manifestation of pediatric inguinal hernia is a reversible mass in the inguinal region (Figure 1). When the mass is returned to the abdominal cavity by gentle pressure, it can be perceived to shrink gradually during the process of return, and eventually it is completely returned by hearing the sound of “gurgling”. (C) harm without complications inguinal hernia in addition to localized mass protrusion, usually no other symptoms, long history of older children may complain of localized mass swelling, the child’s growth and development is not significantly different from that of normal children. When hernia incarcerated (that is, press the inguinal mass can not disappear, Figure 1), the child crying and restless, the younger children can use their hands to grasp the hernia incarcerated site, older children may complain of local pain or abdominal pain, hernia contents for the intestinal tube can occur mechanical intestinal obstruction, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distension and other symptoms. In severe cases, necrosis of the embedded intestinal tube occurs, and testicular necrosis (Figure 2). (D) Treatment 1. Non-surgical treatment Mainly includes anticipation and hernia belt treatment. For newborns and infants of inguinal hernia expectant treatment process to minimize or avoid the occurrence of incarceration, can not be self-healing, to wait for the child after 6 months of age before surgery. Hernia belt treatment (Figure 3) is mainly based on the principle of compression of the inner ring and inguinal area, thus reducing or preventing the repeated prolapse of hernia contents, on the one hand, due to the infants and young children are more difficult to fix the hernia belt, the role of the role of the inaccurate; on the other hand, if the hernia belt is not used properly, the compression is too tight will likely to reduce the blood supply to the testes and affect the development of testes; furthermore, the contents of the hernia in the child’s abdominal pressure increases when hernia content may be dislodged from the lower part of the hernia belt and embedding In addition, when the abdominal pressure increases, the hernia content may come out from underneath the hernia belt and become incarcerated, or the hernia content may adhere to the hernia sac due to compression, so it is not recommended to use routinely. Surgery is the fundamental way to treat pediatric inguinal hernia. Including traditional open surgery (Figure 4), laparoscopic surgery (Figure 5). Laparoscopic surgery has the following three advantages over traditional open surgery: first, the incision is small and hidden, so it is aesthetically pleasing; second, it is minimally invasive, and the recovery is fast; third, a child with unilateral hernia can be examined intraoperatively to see if there is a lesion on the opposite side at the same time, if there is a lesion, it can be treated together, avoiding the possibility of reoccurrence on the opposite side after open surgery. (E) postoperative precautions The main thing after pediatric hernia surgery is to avoid recurrence, so you need to pay attention to the following points: First, after surgery, lie still for 3 to 5 days left, eat more vegetables, fruits, to avoid constipation; Second, avoid strenuous crying or activities in the first 3 months after the surgery; Third, enhance physical fitness, reduce the chances of colds and coughs.