Inflammatory bowel disease is a non-specific inflammatory condition that occurs in the intestine. The most predominant lesions are called ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, which are the two most common and difficult to treat, recurring frequently throughout life, so patients can be very distressed. Ulcerative colitis has a predominantly colorectal onset, manifesting as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mucus and blood in the stool. The disease is characterized by a gradual progression from the distal end of the patient, i.e., the anus, to the proximal end. Crohn’s disease mainly develops at the junction of the small and large intestine, and unlike ulcerative colitis, it is not continuous and tends to occur segmentally, called segmental enterocolitis. The inflammation often penetrates the entire intestinal wall, so the ulcers are also called fissured ulcers. There are also cobblestone-like changes, where the intestinal mucosa can form a cobblestone-like bulge, and granulomatous changes, pathologically known as epithelioid cell aggregation forming swelling-like changes, which are actually signs of chronic inflammation. Overall, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are both inflammatory conditions, and the causes of both diseases are not well understood at present, and the treatments are not very effective.