Who needs hepatitis B vaccination Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. The main targets of hepatitis B vaccination are newborns, followed by infants and children, unimmunized people under 15 years of age and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people with frequent contact with blood, workers in childcare institutions, patients receiving organ transplants, people receiving frequent blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who have sex with men, people with multiple sexual partners and people who inject drugs intravenously). Hepatitis B vaccine is administered in 3 doses at 0, 1 and 6 months, i.e. after the first dose, the second and third doses are administered at 1 and 6 months of age. The first dose of hepatitis B vaccine for newborns should be given within 24 hours of birth, the earlier the better. The site of vaccination is intramuscularly in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle or intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm for newborns and intramuscularly in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. For newborns born to HBsAg-positive mothers, HBIG should be given as early as possible (preferably 12 h after birth) within 24 h of birth at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 ug of recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, and the second and third doses at 1 and 6 months of age, respectively. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine administration within 12 h of birth. HBV DNA level is the most critical factor influencing mother-to-child transmission of HBV. newborns of mothers with high HBV DNA levels (>106 IU/rnl) are more likely to have mother-to-child transmission. recent studies have The results of recent studies have shown that the application of oral antiviral drugs to these mothers in the middle and late stages of pregnancy can reduce the prenatal serum levels of HBV DNA and further improve the success rate of mother-to-child transmission. Newborns born to HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 10 μg of recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated against hepatitis B during the neonatal period should receive a catch-up vaccination with 10 ug of recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine or 20 ug of hamster ovary cell (CHO) recombinant hepatitis B vaccine; how to prevent in adults For adults, three doses of 20 μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine or 20 μg CHO recombinant hepatitis B vaccine are recommended 20 μg CHO recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccine dose (e.g., 60 μg) and number of doses should be increased; for those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program, they can receive another 1 dose of 60 μg or 3 doses of 20 μg hepatitis B vaccine and have their serum tested for anti-HBs 1 to 2 months after the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine; if they still do not respond, they can receive another 1 dose of 60 ug recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those with antibody response generally lasts for at least 12 years, therefore, anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization is not required for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mlU/ml. Post-accidental exposure prophylaxis When there is accidental exposure of broken skin or mucous membranes to blood and body fluids of HBV-infected persons, the following methods can be followed: 1. Serological testing: HBV DNA, HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc and liver function should be tested immediately and retested in 3 and 6 months as appropriate. 2. Active and passive immunization: If you have received hepatitis B vaccine and are known to be anti-HBs positive, you may not have special treatment. If you have not received hepatitis B vaccine, or have received hepatitis B vaccine but anti-HBs <10 mlU/L or the level of anti-HBs is unknown, you should immediately inject 200-400 IU of HBIG and receive one dose of hepatitis B vaccine (20 μg) at different sites at the same time, and receive the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine (20 μg each) 1 month and 6 months later, respectively.