Lifestyle Screening for Cardiovascular Disease
Lifestyle-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease include smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise.
(i) Healthy diet
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services dietary guidelines.
1. reduce salt intake to no more than 2300 mg; no more than 1500 mg for people over age 51 with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. 2;
2. consume no more than 10% of energy from saturated fatty acids and moderate amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 3.
3. consume no more than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol per day;
4. consume as little trans fatty acids as possible, limit foods rich in trans fatty acids, such as partially hydrogenated oils, and limit fat intake;
5. reduce energy intake from fat sources and add less sugar;
6. limit the consumption of foods containing fine grains, especially those containing fat, added sugar or salt;
7. drink alcohol in moderation, up to once a day for women and up to twice a day for men, and only if you are of legal age.
In addition, to maintain good health, you need to.
1. eat more vegetables and fruits;
2. eat different kinds of vegetables, especially dark green, red and orange vegetables and legumes. 3;
3. increase the intake of whole grains;
4. increase the consumption of fat-free or low-fat milk or milk products;
5. choose a variety of protein products such as seafood, lean meat and poultry, eggs, beans, soy products, and unsalted nuts;
6. increase the type and amount of seafood consumed to replace a portion of meat and poultry;
7. consume low-fat foods to replace fat-rich protein foods;
8. eat less fat and replace it with oil;
9. consume foods rich in potassium, dietary fiber, calcium and vitamin D.
The American Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee reported that
1. Cholesterol
The report states that there is no evidence of a relationship between dietary intake of cholesterol and blood cholesterol, so there is no reason to be concerned about excessive cholesterol intake.
2. Caffeine
Three to five cups of coffee a day are beneficial to health, and a daily caffeine intake of about 400 mg may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Of course, add less sugar, fatty milk or cream.
3. Salt
Reduce salt intake to no more than 2300 mg, but further salt restriction is no longer recommended even for people with hypertension, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
4. Saturated fats
Optimizing the type of fat consumed rather than reducing fat intake is recommended. Keep the daily energy intake from saturated fats to an upper limit of 10%. The AHA/ACC even recommends that this limit be adjusted to 10% of the daily energy intake from saturated fats, and recommends switching to non-hydrogenated vegetable oils.
The AHA/ACC even recommends adjusting this limit to 5-6% to reduce LDL levels. 5.
5. added sugar and low-energy sweeteners
It is recommended that less than 10% of energy be consumed from added sugars, which is about 12 tsp of sugar per day. The long-term effects of low-energy sweeteners are not yet clear, so they are not recommended as a substitute for added sugars for now.
6. Dietary patterns
It is recommended that three meals a day exceed 30% of
of lipids, but limit the amount of added sugars. In reducing heart disease, the Mediterranean diet pattern, with its emphasis on protein, whole grains and rich in healthy lipids (e.g. olive oil, avocados and nuts), is particularly recommended.
(ii) Exercise
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services exercise guidelines.
1. Children and adolescents (6 to 17 years)
People in this age group should have at least 60 min per day
of physical activity and should include moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise. Adhere to such exercise at least three days per week, including high-intensity exercise, muscle-strengthening exercise, and bone-strengthening exercise.
2. All adults (18-64 years)
This population should avoid physical inactivity. At least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 min
of high-intensity aerobic exercise, or an equal combination of moderate- and high-intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, moderate-to-vigorous muscle-strengthening exercise is necessary, 2 or more days per week, to become healthier.
3. Older adults (>65 years old)
For older adults with chronic illnesses that prevent them from doing 150 min
For seniors who are unable to do 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise due to chronic diseases, they should be as active as possible according to their condition; for seniors who are at risk of falling, they should do more exercises that can train their balance.
Emphasize safety first
Encourage exercise, but also make sure it is safe to avoid injury. Fully understand the risks, but also believe that for most people exercise is safe; choose the right type of exercise for you; should slowly increase the amount of exercise, gradually increase the frequency and length of exercise; good use of sports equipment to protect themselves, do not go to dangerous places, follow the rules and policies; have a guardian to take care of if necessary.
(C) smoking
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines on Smoking
1. tobacco dependence is a chronic disease, so it also requires repeated interventions and multiple methods to assist with cessation;
2. treatments are available to significantly increase the probability of long-term cessation;
3. clinicians and medical departments should identify and document smoking status and provide assistance to each smoker;
4. clinicians should encourage every patient who wishes to quit to receive counseling and medication;
5. Short-term cessation treatment is effective, and clinicians should provide short-term interventions for each smoker, following a 5-step strategy
steps: ask about smoking; suggest quitting; assess willingness to quit; assist in quitting; and organize follow-up visits.
Currently, individualized, group, and telephone counseling sessions are effective, and many effective medications are available to help smokers escape tobacco dependence. The following are some of the first-line therapeutic medications that can increase long-term cessation: bupropion extended-release, nicotine gum, nicotine inhalers, nicotine lozenges, nicotine nasal sprays, nicotine patches, and varenicline.
Combining counseling guidance and medication is more effective than using one of these alone. Combining nicotine patches and other medications can also lead to better treatment outcomes, while patches can ensure long-lasting nicotine levels and avoid withdrawal symptoms.
(iv) Obesity
According to the guidelines related to obesity screening published in the United States during 2012-2014, the following are summarized.
1. Adults
Annual screening to establish a diagnosis (overweight or obesity), calculate
BMI, assess obesity-related manifestations in overweight patients or patients with increased waist circumference, inform overweight or obese patients about cardiovascular risks, and let this population know that lifestyle changes can also bring significant health benefits.
2. Children and adolescents
Family unit-based weight gain prevention, parents need attention, advice on diet, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and limiting sedentary time in front of a screen. If necessary, visit a hospital outpatient clinic where a physician can develop a weight loss plan and increase exercise.
(v) Primary prevention
Aspirin
Evidence from studies has shown that low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/d) reduces the rate of recurrent heart attacks and strokes; however, these clinical benefits need to be weighed against the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. FDA
believes that there is no evidence to support the use of aspirin for primary prevention in people who have never had cardiovascular disease.