Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis during urination. Reflux nephropathy (RN) is a syndrome of scarring, atrophy, and abnormal renal function due to VUR and intrarenal reflux (IRR) with recurrent urinary tract infections, which can progress to chronic renal failure if left untreated and uncorrected.VUR occurs not only in pediatrics, but also persists into adulthood on the basis of recurrent UTIs (Urinary Tract Infections) leading to renal impairment. A large number of data indicate that RN is one of the important causes of end-stage renal failure. The main mechanism leading to VUR is the abnormality of the vesicoureteral junction, which can be divided into the following two categories according to the cause of occurrence: 1. Primary reflux The most common, which is the congenital insufficiency of the mechanism of vesicoureteral valves, including congenital submucosal ureter of the bladder in a too-short or horizontal position, the abnormality of the opening of the ureter, the bladder deltoid muscle tissue thinning, weakness, and congenital abnormality of Waldeyer’s sheath, and so on. Half of the patients have reflux caused by abnormal function of bladder forced urethral muscle. 2.Secondary reflux factors leading to Waldeyer sheath dysfunction include UTI, bladder neck and lower urinary tract obstruction, trauma, pregnancy and so on. Pediatric UTI complication of reflux as high as 30% ~ 50%. UTI when the bladder ureteral segment due to inflammation, swelling, deformation, and the loss of normal valves. UTI in the main pathogenic bacteria in the umbrella-shaped Escherichia coli easy to combine with the urethral epithelial cells, and weakening of the peristalsis of the ureteral function, so that it produces reflux, control of the infection reflux can gradually disappear. Ureteral malformation combined with reflux accounts for about 40% to 70%. In addition, vesicoureteral insufficiency, such as primary neuromedullary closure insufficiency, including cerebrospinal bulge, etc., VUR occurs in about 19% of cases.