1. Small eye fissures: i.e., short transverse eye diameter, widened distance between the eyes, low nasal bridge, and drooping heel lids. It is often accompanied by a small upper frontal bone. Microphthalmia runs in families and is more common in the Japanese than in the Chinese. The children of alcoholic mothers may also have these signs.
2, cyanosis: cyanotic blue spots, white skin is blue, a kind of congenital skin pigmentation in normal newborns. The melanocytes originating from the neural crest fail to cross the junction between the epidermis and the dermis when migrating to the epidermis, and are retained in the dermis to delay their disappearance. Cyanosis is common in East Asian, African, West Indian, and Mediterranean peoples, with only a 1-4% incidence in Caucasians, and is therefore considered an ethnic-specific marker. Cyanosis can be a few centimeters in size or a large fusion covering the lower back, buttocks and thighs. Most of them fade away at 2-3 years old, and some disappear naturally at 7-8 years old.
3.Nevus of Ota: It was first described by Ota in 1938 and got its name. It is a kind of colored nevus, similar to cyanosis, and some people believe that its cause is the same as cyanosis. The nevus is a dark blue patchy color, mostly distributed in the distribution areas of the first and second branches of the trigeminal nerve, such as the upper and lower eyelids, the frontal area and the temporal area, and sometimes it can spread to the lids, the bulbar conjunctiva, the mouth and the nasal mucosa. It is present at birth, but also occurs at puberty and does not recede throughout life, and rarely can become malignant. It is mostly seen in women of China and East Asian ethnic groups.
4.Double birth: It is also one of the normal newborns. The incidence of monozygotic twins is 1:200; the ratio of monozygotic twins is 17:1. They often develop into twins on day 4-5 of gestation with monochorionic double amniotic membrane and become monozygotic twins. The survival rate of twins is low. The number of spontaneous abortions of twins is reported to be 3 times higher than the number of viable twin fetuses. The cause of twin births is not known, and sometimes there is a tendency for familial dominant inheritance.
5, physiological weight loss: a common phenomenon in newborns. The known causes of physiological weight loss may be related to reduced diet, increased non-significant water loss and water and sodium excretion. It has been reported that during the period of weight loss, extracellular fluid decreases and plasma osmolality rises. However, relatively high aldosterone was also found, and there was no problem with dysregulation. Weight loss may be related to fluid balance in newborns. However, the exact cause is still not fully understood.
6, cyanosis: neonatal cyanosis or cyanosis is mostly pathological, but sometimes it also occurs in normal neonates, often manifesting as local cyanosis, such as cyanosis of the lips, finger and toe ends and under the deck. The causes of cyanosis can be: exposure of the circulatory end sites, cold, pressure and polycythemia. Generalized cyanosis can occur when there is excessive blood, crying, breath-holding or apnea, and sometimes cyanosis can occur due to nasal congestion caused by overheating. All of the above cyanosis is temporary and disappears when the cause is removed.
In addition, injury cyanosis can also be seen clinically. For example, due to the prolonged pressure on the pre-existing site during delivery, pioneer head, pioneer arm and pioneer foot may appear, characterized by traces of cervical ring on the pressed part with cyanosis and edema, sometimes with bleeding spots. Strong full-term newborns may sometimes present with cyanosis of their head and face, upper limbs, chest and shoulders and back, confined to the upper body. This may be caused by excessive breath-holding before breathing, which may lead to high venous pressure in the superior vena cava, resulting in cyanosis in the superior vena cava distribution. Other symptoms are often present and are no different from those of normal newborns, and the crucible may disappear after a few weeks.
7.Ectopic malformation: Most ectopic malformations are often accompanied by congenital heart disease, no spleen, multiple spleens, digestive tract malformations and other visceral malformations. There are also normal newborns with complete ectopic malformations, the incidence of which is 1:10000.
8, physiological alopecia: some newborns can develop alopecia a few weeks after birth, which is sudden or insidious. Sudden onset is less common, for sudden onset, obvious hair loss. Most of them are recessive alopecia. The hair of newborns is thin and light in color, and most infants have hair loss for several months.
9. Retinal hemorrhage: The retina of newborns delivered head first can have hemorrhagic spots, sometimes accompanied by hemorrhage in the conjunctiva, which is generally considered normal.
10, iris ring spot: a light-colored ring spot, located about 2/3 of the distance from the edge of the pupil, with peripheral blurring. This sign occurs in 29% of normal newborns and 80% of children with congenital dysmorphism.
11. Extra teeth: They can occur in normal newborns and commonly erupt in the position of the lower incisors of the milk teeth with one or more displaced incisors, which are loose and easily fallen without axial mass.
12, lingual tether: lingual tether in normal newborns have individual differences, can be thin or thick, can be tight or loose. Sometimes the lingual tether is too short and too thick, but generally does not affect the sucking action, and can be gradually lengthened later.
13, parotid cleft remnant: parotid cleft is the remnant of the original tissue of the parotid cleft left in the embryonic period, commonly located in the front of the ear at the angle of the milt and at the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, mostly in the form of small papilla-like redundancies; sometimes only local skin is slightly concave. It is rare to see the manifestation of cyst, sinus, fistula, etc., the latter needing surgical treatment.
14, extra papillae: extra papillae can appear in normal newborns, often located in the midline of the body. It is a small, pigmented projection. It is usually associated with a renal malformation. Rarely, it is associated with Arthrogryposis syndrome.
15. Laryngeal stridor: Clinically, we sometimes encounter infants with mild laryngeal stridor, which is present at birth, but most of them are not noticed until a few weeks after birth. The infant exhibits loud breathing sounds. The respiratory sound increases during agitation, crying or nursing, but decreases during quiet sleep. On closer inspection, the sound occurs mainly during inspiration, and there is a mild abnormality in the throat examination. The child is not uncomfortable, has a rosy complexion and normal growth. The laryngeal ringing mostly develops to a peak at 3-4 months of age and gradually disappears within 6 months to 1 year of age. Very few children may also develop laryngeal tinnitus during emotional stress.
16.Primary pulmonary atelectasis: Physiological primary pulmonary atelectasis can often occur in newborns during the first few days after birth, which is a normal phenomenon.
17, heart murmur: if clinical attention, about 60% of normal newborns in the 1-2 days after birth in the pulmonary artery area and I-II jet systolic murmur, which may be due to the reduction of postnatal pulmonary artery pressure, blood flow faster to the lungs and caused. Sometimes a persistent or gradually increasing murmur can be heard in this area, which is due to the opening of the ductus arteriosus. The murmur usually disappears within 1-2 weeks.
18, vomiting and other manifestations: some normal newborns, in the first few nursing can often appear vomiting phenomenon, a few days later after a little treatment can be self-healing. Sometimes newborns can sneeze, yawn and stretch, which are all normal conditions.
19, umbilical hernia: common in normal newborns. The umbilical hernia may be large or small, and the contents may be intestinal segments or large omentum. Umbilical hernia may continue to increase in size in crying infants. Most infants heal spontaneously within 1-2 years of age. Extra large umbilical hernia can be handled surgically.
Pain perception: Normal newborns have a dull sense of pain. Therefore, burns often occur in the neonatal period may be related to this.
21, hyperactivity: Some infants may show hyperactivity, irritability and jitteriness at the end of the neonatal period or a little later. Refuses to be quiet when breastfeeding, cries incessantly. Vomiting often occurs. Sometimes there are episodes of crying. Sleep is also restless, with day and night reversals. These hyperactivity phenomena may be related to the mother’s excessive emotional stress and anxiety during pregnancy. After the birth of the baby, there may be some inconsistencies between mother and child, resulting in the development of the situation, which can be called mild brain dysfunction.
22, red urine: 2-5 days after birth, newborns can cry during urination and see urine stained red diapers, which is related to the increase in urate excretion due to the breakdown of more white blood cells and less urine. It will disappear after a few days.
23, pseudo-menstruation: some baby girls have blood-like vaginal discharge at the end of the week after birth, which is due to the fetal vaginal epithelium and endometrium affected by maternal hormones, similar to women before ovulation, after birth, the maternal estrogen influence interrupted. This causes bleeding similar to menstruation, hence the term pseudomenstruation. No need to deal with, can disappear after a few days.
24.Syringomyelia: congenital syringomyelia often occurs at the end of neonatal life and is found to be gradually increasing in size later, mostly unilateral, not accompanied by inguinal hernia, and usually heals itself after several months.
25.Cryptorchidism: The majority of normal male full-term newborns have testicular descent at birth, but there are steps of newborns with delayed testicular descent until after birth, and some of them are stagnant in the groin.
26, through hands: through hands are common in some infants with congenital malformations or chromosomal aberrations, but in normal newborns, there can be 4% of unilateral through hands and 1% of bilateral through hands, with a male to female ratio of 2:1.
27.Pigmented nevus: newborn nevus exists at birth and varies in size from 1-50 px to large (so-called giant pigmented nevus with hair, which can also be found in all parts of the skin, often accompanied by hair. Most neonatal nevi are benign, usually do not extend and do not fade for a long time, and rarely turn into malignant. However, giant pigmented nevus with hair has a higher degree of malignancy.
28.Infants with fire cotton limbs: When babies are born, their whole body is covered with a layer of keratinous membrane, just like being wrapped by translucent sheepskin or silk. After 1-2 days, the membrane dries up and tightens, causing the eyelids and lips to turn out or become wrinkles. Soon the envelope is removed, leaving red skin. In some infants, the skin returns to normal and no further scaly changes occur. But more cases become ichthyosis from then on.
29. Capillary hemangioma: Also known as strawberry hemangioma, it can occur in normal newborns or appear 1-2 months after birth. The size of the tumor is like a grain of rice or strawberry, protruding from the skin, bright red, often distributed in the head, face, neck, shoulders, trunk and extremities, single or multiple. The tumor tends to increase gradually within one year of age, and after one year of age, it is stable and can be cured within 6-7 years of age if there is no external damage.
30.Patchy hemangioma: It is the most common one, with an incidence of up to 50%. It is present at birth. They occur at the back of the neck, the center of the forehead and the upper eyelid. Also known as pine red spots, most of them fade away after a few months.