STDs are a general term for a group of diseases with the common feature of being sexually transmitted. The more common STDs in China are syphilis, gonorrhea, condyloma acuminata, genital herpes and AIDS. These diseases can be judged by the symptoms and laboratory tests. 1, gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with gonococcus. Some people do not show any symptoms after infection. Common symptoms in men include burning urination, pus flowing from the urethra, and pain in the testicles, which may be complicated by parotoiditis. Common symptoms in women are burning urination, accompanied by abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding, and can even lead to pelvic inflammatory disease. There are three main laboratory tests for gonorrhea, mainly microscopic examination, gonococcal culture and nucleic acid testing, the first two being more commonly used. A smear of male urethral discharge is taken for Gram staining, and a positive intracellular or intra- and extracellular Gram-negative diplococcus is seen under the microscope. Gonococcal culture is a confirmatory test for gonorrhea and is suitable for gonococcal examination of all clinical specimens in men and women. 2, syphilis Syphilis is a chronic, systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by the pale spirochete, and can be divided into acquired (acquired) syphilis and congenital syphilis (fetal syphilis). Acquired syphilis is further divided into early and late syphilis. Early syphilis refers to infection with syphilis spirochetes within two years, including stage I, stage II and early recessive syphilis, and late syphilis refers to syphilis after two years of infection, including stage III syphilis and late recessive syphilis. The typical symptom of stage I syphilis is hard chancre, which is initially a nodule of corn grain size above the skin surface, and later develops into a round or oval shallow ulcer of 1-2cm in diameter with elevated edges and medium hardness, without obvious pain or only mild tenderness, mostly seen in the external genital area. The diagnosis can be made by taking the exudate from the hard chancre and showing the syphilis spirochete under fluorescence microscope, or by performing positive serological test. Stage II syphilis often occurs 3-4 weeks after the hard chancre subsides, and mainly manifests as syphilis rash and worm-like hair loss. The syphilis rash has a variety of forms, initially mostly macules, which can progress to macules, papules, pustules, etc., distributed on the trunk and extremities, often generalized and symmetrical, usually without pruritus. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on a lot of things. 3, condyloma acuminata Condyloma acuminata is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, to the anal genital area proliferative damage as the main performance of sexually transmitted diseases, most of which occur in 18-50 years of age, young people. It develops after an incubation period of approximately 3 weeks to 8 months, with an average of 3 months. Male patients present with small cauliflower-like flesh-colored or gray-white granules on the penis, scrotum or anus. In females, cauliflower-like granules grow around the vulva or in the vagina, which are usually difficult for the patient to detect. The main laboratory tests for this disease are pathological examination and HPV nucleic acid test. 4, genital herpes Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the vulva, anus, and genital skin mucosa. Most genital herpes is caused by HSV-2, which can remain latent for life after entering the body, and the latent virus can become active again and recur when immune function decreases. Therefore, genital herpes often has a chronic recurrent course. In men, the first cases of genital herpes are found on the glans, coronal sulcus, penile foreskin and perineum, and in women, on the labia majora and minora, vaginal opening, perineum and perianal area. The initial manifestation is erythema, papule or herpes, which soon develops into clusters or scattered small blisters that break down after 2-4 days to form vesicles and ulcers. Local itching, mild pain or burning sensation may occur, and the duration of the disease lasts about 1-2 weeks, rarely up to 3 weeks. It may be accompanied by fever, headache, myalgia, general malaise or malaise. Recurrent genital herpes, mainly localized blisters, ruptures, and superficial ulcers, heal in a few days and usually leave no trace. Laboratory tests for patients with genital herpes include positive cell culture for HSV, positive HSV-2 nucleic acid test and positive HSV-2 specific serum antibody test. 5.AIDS The diagnosis of HIV needs to be made by combining epidemiological history, including history of unsafe sex, history of intravenous drug use by sharing syringes, importation of blood or blood products containing HIV, children born to HIV-positive persons or history of occupational exposure, clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, etc. for comprehensive analysis and careful diagnosis. The diagnosis of HIV is usually a positive initial HIV antibody screening plus a positive confirmation, or a positive initial HIV antibody screening plus a positive HIV viral load (nucleic acid).