Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in China and the most common pathological histological type of esophageal cancer. The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is high in China and relatively low in Europe and the United States, with more males than females and most common in people over 50 years old. The causes of morbidity are generally considered to be related to alcohol consumption, smoking, overheated diet, nutritional imbalance, nitrosamines, fungal contamination of food, and human papilloma virus, which may be related to the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma. Usually, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma can be divided into early esophageal carcinoma, superficial spreading carcinoma and advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma according to the clinical progress, the prognosis of early stage patients is better, while the prognosis of middle and late stage patients is worse. Patients are advised to get early detection and treatment, and early treatment is more effective.