Hemorrhoids are soft venous masses formed by stasis, dilation and flexion of the venous plexus under the mucous membrane at the end of the human rectum and under the skin of the anal canal. Hemorrhoids are the most common anorectal disease affecting human health, and their true incidence is not known. The incidence of hemorrhoids is 58.4%, with internal hemorrhoids accounting for the most, about 60%, external hemorrhoids 16%, and mixed hemorrhoids 24%, in a census of 55,427 people in 155 units. The census situation is sufficient to show that hemorrhoids are a common and frequent disease. The etiology of hemorrhoids is not yet completely clear and may be related to a variety of factors. Most scholars currently believe that hemorrhoids are vascular anal canal pads, a normal anatomical part, prevalent in all ages, genders and races, and cannot be considered a disease; they can only be called a disease when symptoms such as bleeding, prolapse and pain occur. There are several theories that explain the pathogenesis of hemorrhoids as follows: 1. The theory of inferior displacement of the anal cushion: It is believed that there is a tissue pad called the vascular pad of the anal canal at the end of the rectum and in the anal canal, referred to as the anal cushion, which consists of three parts: the venous plexus, connective tissue, and Treitz muscle. Under normal conditions, the pad is loosely attached to the muscle wall and is pushed downward mainly by downward pressure during defecation, and then retracts back into the anal canal by the contraction of its own fibers after defecation. After the elastic retraction effect is weakened, the anal cushion is filled with blood and moves down to form hemorrhoids. 2, varicose veins theory: that the formation of hemorrhoids is mainly due to venous stasis, expansion. From anatomical point of view, the portal vein system and its branches of rectal veins are without venous valves, blood is easy to stagnate and make the veins dilate, coupled with the thin wall of the upper and lower rectal plexus, shallow and low tension, as well as the terminal rectal submucosal tissue relaxation, are easy to appear blood stagnation and venous dilatation. 3, the end of the rectum and anal canal is located in the lowermost part of the abdominal cavity, sedentary, constipation, pregnancy, prostate hypertrophy and other factors that affect the venous reflux of the anal canal, making the blood return obstruction of the anal canal veins stasis, dilatation to form hemorrhoids. Patients with hemorrhoids often have a family history, which may be related to diet, bowel habits and environment. There are three types of hemorrhoids depending on where they are located: 1. Internal hemorrhoids: they are most common clinically and are formed by the superior rectal plexus (internal hemorrhoidal plexus), located above the dentate line and covered by the rectal mucosa. It often has a history of blood in the stool and prolapse. 2.External hemorrhoids: formed by the anal venous plexus (external hemorrhoid plexus), located below the dentate line, covered by the skin of the anal canal on the surface. The common ones are thrombosed external hemorrhoids, connective tissue external hemorrhoids, varicose veins external hemorrhoids and inflammatory external hemorrhoids. 3.Mixed hemorrhoids: mainly formed by the inferior rectal plexus, partly by the anastomosis of the superior and inferior rectal veins and anal veins, located above and below the dentate line, covered by the rectal mucosa and anal canal skin on the surface. There are two characteristics of internal and external hemorrhoids. The examination methods of hemorrhoids: including anal visual examination, rectal finger examination, and anoscopy. The examination position is usually left lateral recumbent, knee-to-chest position (KCP), and lithotomy position (LP). The examination can confirm the diagnosis of internal, external, and mixed hemorrhoids. Because each type of hemorrhoid has different treatment methods, only after distinguishing internal, external, and mixed hemorrhoids clearly, the corresponding treatment methods can be taken to achieve satisfactory treatment results. There are more treatment methods for hemorrhoids, such as injection therapy, withered hemorrhoid nail therapy, collar ligation therapy, cryotherapy, infrared irradiation therapy, anal canal dilation therapy, surgery therapy, Chinese herbal medicine therapy and so on. It is worth noting that: 1, hemorrhoids do not need treatment when there are no symptoms, just pay attention to increase fibrous food, change the bad stool habits, keep the stool open, keep the perineum clean and prevent complications; 2, when hemorrhoids appear bleeding, prolapse, pain and embedded symptoms, go to the regular hospital early, early treatment effect is good; 3, stool red and black, is the performance of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, may be hemorrhoids, but also It may be a gastroduodenal ulcer, and may be a gastrointestinal tumor, especially to be alert to rectal cancer.