Today’s tumor treatment is the era of comprehensive treatment, which of course needs evidence of evidence-based medicine, but each treatment modality is not all-powerful, there are pros and cons, and has its unique indications, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy, etc. Chinese medicine is no exception. According to the statistical bulletin of China’s health development in 2008, malignant tumors ranked the first cause of death in urban and rural areas, and the death rate of malignant tumors in urban and rural areas reached 116.97/100,000 and 156.73/100,000 respectively, regardless of urban and rural areas, malignant tumors became one of the most deadly hazards threatening people’s life and health. In China, Chinese medicine has a history of thousands of years and has a profound influence on the masses. A survey shows that 2/3 of the elderly residents in Beijing are using or have used Chinese medicine, and in clinical observation, Chinese medicine is also widely used in the treatment of malignant tumor patients, and most of the patients will turn to Chinese medicine for treatment through different ways. The existing TCM oncology treatment institutions can be mainly divided into the following three categories: 1. tumor specialists in general hospitals of all levels of TCM, which have outpatient and ward systems and observe and treat patients comprehensively. The observation of cases is relatively one-sided, mostly using Chinese medicine as the main treatment method, with little modern medical knowledge of oncology and relatively distinctive characteristics of Chinese medicine treatment; 3. Various individual medical institutions, which have many problems and treatment is influenced by economic interests. Since there is no evidence that single reliance on TCM treatment can cure malignant tumors, TCM is in an auxiliary position in the current comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors, improving the sensitivity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, reducing the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs on human body, improving patients’ quality of life and prolonging survival. In clinical practice, TCM does have certain effect in treating malignant tumors, however, the wide application of TCM inevitably leads to a question: can all tumor patients benefit from TCM treatment? The author believes that the current TCM treatment for all tumor patients is not entirely appropriate for the following reasons: 1. There is a lack of research on the screening of the population benefited from TCM treatment, and the mode of clinical evidence-based treatment also needs to be improved, especially the current pattern of TCM evidence evolution of patients is not very clear, which has certain influence on the accuracy of treatment. At present, both general Chinese medicine hospitals and Chinese medicine outpatient clinics have not established a perfect patient follow-up mechanism, which makes it impossible to understand the accurate efficiency of the treated population. Some scholars pointed out that 80% of the proprietary Chinese medicines are prescribed by western physicians, and the adverse effects and economic burden brought by improper application or overdose of proprietary Chinese medicines to patients have become a concern. Some “oncologists”, especially folk oncologists, are driven by economic interests, taking advantage of false advertisements and patients’ psychology of seeking treatment in a hurry, exaggerating the efficacy of TCM treatment and giving patients a hodgepodge of treatment, resulting in over-treatment. Since ancient times, TCM has not advocated that all patients need to take medication, as stated in Suwen. However, not all patients can be classified as having evil, and the five grains, five fruits, five animals, and five vegetables can be used to nourish patients who do not need to be treated with drugs. Many of the prescriptions recorded in the prescription books are accompanied by a statement such as “stop when you are sick”, and only a small number of cases that require long-term treatment based on the condition will emphasize keeping the prescription. Currently, there is a misconception among the public that Chinese medicine has no toxic side effects. It is true that the toxic side effects of herbal preparations are generally weaker than those of western drugs, but there are also certain toxic side effects. In recent years, the domestic literature has reported that the proportion of cases of drug-related liver damage accounted for by herbal medicines ranged from 11.13 to 28.68%, mostly ranking 2nd and 3rd. Toxic reactions have been clearly recorded in Chinese medicine since ancient times, and there are narrowly defined and broadly defined toxic reactions. Toxic reactions in a broad sense, all Chinese medicines are “poisonous”, “Confucianism” has a cloud: “All medicines are poisonous, not only big and small poison is called poison, licorice, bitter ginseng can not not be called poison, a long time to take will have a partial victory.” Modern research shows that many Chinese medicines have neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, gastrointestinal damage, etc. When considering the problem of the beneficiary population of TCM treatment, the toxicity of TCM should be fully considered, even if it is a flat tonic, long-term consumption may produce adverse reactions. In view of the current situation that most tumor patients receive various forms of traditional Chinese medicine treatment for a long time, the way of screening the beneficiary population of TCM treatment and how to use TCM treatment more effectively still needs to be studied. The author believes that there is much room for improvement and innovation in TCM treatment for tumor patients. Individualized treatment is the current trend of tumor treatment, and TCM treatment should consider how to improve the individualization of treatment. The ultimate purpose of any treatment is to bring benefit to patients, and the same is true for tumor treatment by TCM. Tumor patients can be divided into three categories according to the benefit of TCM treatment: 1. Patients who benefit from TCM treatment; in the clinical observation of TCM tumor, most of the tumor patients can have different degrees of improvement after receiving TCM treatment, including symptom relief, tumor load reduction, tumor index decrease, quality of life In clinical observation, most of the tumor patients could have different degrees of improvement after receiving TCM treatment, including symptom remission, tumor load reduction, tumor index decrease, quality of life improvement and survival extension. For this kind of patients, the research focus is on how to improve the efficacy, and the most important evaluation index of the research should be the survival status, and the author’s clinical research found that taking the evidence as the research entry point is a feasible way. 2. Patients with unclear benefit from TCM treatment; some tumor patients who have completed radical treatment without obvious discomfort, without obvious entry point for TCM treatment, or patients who have basically reached the state of yin and yang secretion by treatment, whether they need to continue TCM treatment is also controversial. The most valuable evaluation index for such patients is survival. Therefore, the author proposes that a randomized controlled clinical study with long-term survival as the main endpoint evaluation index can clarify the degree of benefit of TCM treatment for such patients and screen the TCM treatment beneficiary population from them. Therefore, to investigate whether there are patients with harmful effects of TCM treatment and how to find such patients is a valuable research topic, which is important for individualized tumor treatment and health economics. At present, the benefits of TCM treatment for tumor patients need to be clarified, and the efficacy is the hard truth. The efficacy evaluation is mainly conducted from several aspects, such as tumor load, related symptoms, quality of life and survival status, among which survival status should be the endpoint evaluation index. The author believes that clinical studies aiming at efficacy evaluation, especially randomized controlled studies, should be conducted to explore the degree of benefit of tumor patients to TCM treatment and to screen the treatment beneficiaries to give appropriate TCM treatment, and such studies have good prospects. The modern medical drugs have clear indications, and TCM, because of its own characteristics, cannot limit its application by strict indications, but still should grasp the preliminary indications and give TCM treatment to patients who need it. TCM is a valuable asset of China, but the cultivation and production of TCM requires considerable resources, and the toxicity of TCM preparations should not be neglected. Screening the beneficiary population of TCM treatment for oncology has good health economic significance and can bring good news to patients, which is conducive to the healthy development of TCM oncology discipline.