Interventional technology is a minimally invasive technique and method to treat surgical diseases by guiding a fine diameter catheter or treatment probe percutaneously to the lesion or near the lesion under the guidance of modern imaging technology, which has the advantages of minimal trauma, easy operation, accurate positioning and few complications, and is a highly desirable supplementary treatment for surgical diseases. I: Interventional treatment is divided into two methods: endovascular interventional treatment and extravascular interventional treatment according to the interventional route. 1.Interventional techniques of endovascular route include: ①Transcatheter intravascular drug infusion ②Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization ③Transcatheter arterial embolization ④Transcatheter endoluminal angioplasty ⑤Transcatheter endovascular catheter cartridge system implantation ⑥Transcatheter jugular vein intrahepatic portal-body venous shunt ⑦Transcatheter endovascular stent placement ⑧Transcatheter endovascular foreign body and thrombus removal ⑨Cardiovascular valvuloplasty, etc. 2.Extravascular route interventional techniques include: ① Percutaneous transhepatic puncture biliary drainage ② Percutaneous biliary balloon dilation ③ Percutaneous hepatic puncture biliary stent placement ④ Microwave tissue coagulation ⑤ Radiofrequency ablation ⑥Ultra-low temperature cryoablation ⑦ Percutaneous anhydrous ethanol injection therapy ⑧ Electrochemical treatment of malignant tumors ⑨ Intra-abdominal fluid puncture and external drainage, etc. Clinical application of intravascular interventions: 1. Intravascular drug infusion via catheter: The therapeutic drugs are infused directly into the target organ through blood vessels, which can significantly increase the local drug concentration and prolong the contact time between the drugs and the diseased tissues, so as to achieve the maximum drug efficacy and reduce the drug side effects. It is often used in the adjuvant chemotherapy of malignant tumors, hemostatic treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, local thrombosis and vasodilatation treatment of spastic vascular diseases. 2.Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: it is often used in the adjuvant treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. However, this method is cautiously used for those who have cancer thrombus in the main branch or trunk of portal vein, enlarged spleen with hyperfunction and poor liver function. 3.Transcatheter arterial embolization: It is mainly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic, splenic and renal retroperitoneal pelvic traumatic bleeding, respiratory hemoptysis, and also for the treatment of hypersplenism, arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula or aneurysm. 4.Percutaneous vascular endoluminal angioplasty: It is mainly used with endovascular stent to treat vascular stenosis. 5.Transcervical intrahepatic portal shunt: mainly used for the treatment of intractable ascites and ruptured bleeding esophagogastric fundic varices in cirrhotic portal hypertension, also can be used for temporary portal vein decompression treatment before liver transplantation. 6.Percutaneous intravascular catheter cassette system implantation: clinically, it is mainly used for ① percutaneous subclavian artery catheter cassette system implantation: it is suitable for long-term regular intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for various solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma lung cancer and liver metastatic carcinoma; ② percutaneous hepatic portal vein catheter cassette system implantation: it is mainly used for portal vein chemotherapy for metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma with less blood supply, and non-chemotherapeutic drugs are input through portal vein via intrahepatic cell transplantation of pancreatic islet cells and hepatocytes via portal vein for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and end untreated liver disease. Clinical application of interventional techniques by extravascular route: 1. Percutaneous percutaneous biliary drainage: mainly for the treatment of obstructive jaundice, commonly used in the preoperative treatment of hepatoportal cholangiocarcinoma, expecting to reduce jaundice, improve liver function and enhance the safety of surgery; also for the palliative treatment of patients who are inoperable at advanced stages. 2.Percutaneous bile duct balloon dilation: mainly used for the treatment of benign biliary strictures. 3.Percutaneous transhepatic endobiliary stent placement: treatment of bile duct strictures. 4.B ultrasound-guided percutaneous percutaneous implantation microwave tissue coagulation technique and radiofrequency ablation: applicable to the treatment of inoperable hepatopancreas, spleen, kidney and other substantive organ cancers and intra-abdominal solid tumors. 5.Cryosurgical ablation: mostly inserting cryoprobe into solid tumor for ultra-low temperature cryotherapy under direct vision during open surgery. 6.B ultrasound-guided percutaneous anhydrous ethanol injection: mainly used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma which is not suitable for surgery, but also used for the treatment of liver cyst, hepatic hemangioma, rectal cancer, breast cancer recurrence after surgery, etc. 7.B ultrasound-guided percutaneous percutaneous electrochemical therapy: mainly used for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. 8.percutaneous puncture intra-abdominal abscess and limited fluid placement and drainage: treatment of abdominal abscess limited abdominal fluid large pancreatic pseudocysts in an attempt to avoid open surgery.