I. Causes of low back pain: The structure of the lumbar spine is very complex, including the bony vertebrae, intervertebral discs, nerves in the spinal canal, small joints, surrounding ligaments and paravertebral muscles. Lesions and injuries to the above structures can all cause lumbar pain. Therefore, as the old saying goes, “When the patient has back pain, the doctor has a headache”. This also explains the complexity of the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. However, with the continuous progress of modern medical technology, especially the development of medical imaging, the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain is no longer a headache for doctors, and most of the low back pain diseases can be well diagnosed and treated. Low back pain disorders are common in middle-aged and elderly people because most lumbar spine disorders are caused by chronic strain and aging degeneration of the lumbar spine and ancillary structures. These causes include local injury, bleeding, edema, adhesions and muscle spasm caused by contusions and sprains of the spinal bones and joints and their surrounding soft tissues. Low back pain and painful numbness in the lower extremities caused by injury, degeneration and herniation of the intervertebral discs, weakness in walking and even urinary and fecal dysfunction. Pain caused by degenerative instability, slippage, and scoliosis of the lumbar spine. Osteoporosis of the whole body will also manifest itself as low back pain in the lumbar spine, and if an osteoporotic compression fracture occurs it will manifest itself as a sudden increase in pain. Although there are many causes of low back pain, it does not necessarily occur and can be prevented. Second, how to prevent low back pain? To avoid the occurrence of low back pain, we should avoid accidental injury to the lumbar region and excessive lumbar spine burden in our daily work and life based on the principle of “act according to our ability”. At the same time, appropriate lumbar muscle exercises should be carried out. The following precautions are available for reference: Sleep on a mattress of appropriate firmness, not too soft. When you try to carry heavy objects, do not bend down and lift directly, but should squat and bend the knees, the upper body upright to move slowly. Avoid sudden force. Avoid prolonged bending work. If you must, get up in about half an hour, and appropriate lumbar activities or rest. People who work in a sitting position for a long time, such as drivers, it is especially important to prepare a backrest cushion, so as to maintain the normal physiological curve of the lumbar spine and maintain the balance and relaxation of the muscles around the waist. When you stand for too long, you should take a break by rotating the weight-bearing of both lower limbs to avoid fatigue injury caused by weight-bearing on one side of the lumbar insist on lumbar back muscle exercise to strengthen the lumbar muscles, and persistently, can reduce the occurrence of injury and help maintain the normal physiological curvature of the lumbar region. Low back muscle exercise can be used in the traditional three-point support, five-point support, swallow fly and other movements. Third, when should I see a doctor? You should see a doctor promptly when the following conditions occur: 1. severe low back pain that cannot be relieved by rest; 2. low back pain symptoms that are ineffective with conservative treatment; 3. low back pain accompanied by symptoms of numbness and weakness in the lower limbs, especially the inability to lift the feet. Because this may indicate serious nerve damage; 4. The presence of urinary and fecal disorders at the same time as low back pain indicates extensive nerve damage, which is a signal of cauda equina injury, and such cases need urgent treatment within 48 hours.